XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non-bituminous), G for (natural) Gas and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and …) [1-4]. Amongst these routes steam reforming in fixed bed reformers and partial oxidation in auto thermal reactors are more attractive in industrial applications (both related to Gas to Liquid (GTL) process) [5]. Although these processes seem completely different form syngas production point of view but they are almost similar in the next step, the heart of any XTL factory, namely FTS. In FTS unit syngas converted to chains of different hydrocarbons such as paraffin, olefin, oxygenated and …, by use of sutiable catalysts of iron or cobalt based. This section is the most important section of any XTL factory and in fact XTL is translation of the classical Fischer Tropsch Synthesis the language of industrial and commercial world. Finally the hydrocarbon products might undergo some finalizing steps to reach the specifications of the market. This is the final step of a XTL process and might be comprised of different units with a variation of complexness depending on the final product quality and perhaps...
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...mpanies, with their in-house documents.
The present work investigated effect of kinematic viscosity (ν), pressure difference (ΔP) and time (t) on the rate of internal filtration. An experimental setup designed and operated to take empirical data in different operating conditions and time. The most interesting part of the present investigation is fitting data with 16 different models. All models are a simple linear correlation of filtrate flux (Q) versus natural logarithm of time, but the coefficients of these models are simple or complex correlations of pressure difference and kinematic viscosity or ∆P and temperature (T). the results showed that a set of ΔP and ν was favored over ΔP and T. also all models fail to reproduce original data at severe filtration conditions of high viscosity and low ΔP. The reason shall be changing the flow regime through filter media.
Both biodiesel and ethanol are derivatives of biomass that have been processed to create a liquid biofuel. Both types of biofuels have been touted as secure and environmentally safe alternatives to fossil fuels, however the research verifying these claims is extensive but often contradicting. In the following paper, the efficiency and quality of the two types of biofuel will be discussed. The effects of variables such as source materials and production techniques on efficiency and quality will be considered. Due to the limited scope of this paper however, only generalized net analyses of ethanol and biodiesel production will be considered. The production of ethanol requires one of two source materials, cellulose or sucrose, both of which are complex sugars. Currently, corn and sugar cane are the primary source materials for ethanol; however it can be produced from any plant cellulose. Ethanol is created using chemical and non chemical processes. These processes include liquefication, saccharification, fermentation, and distillation (Malca and Freire, 2006).
In the production process of chemicals it requires to use of a average calorific value gas (MCV) also non-nitrogen diluted by minor impurities for best alteration to chemical compounds (Paisley et al., 1994). For the electricity production the used product gas should be clean from char-particles, pitch and ash etc. before it is inserted into the gas turbine or in a combustion engine. The higher temperature gases which exits from the gas turbine can be further used to generate steam from there heat for a steam turbine, like as an Integrate Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) generally used in power
LNG carriers, or Liquid natural gas carriers, are large tankers carrying liquefied natural gas. A relatively new industry, LNG carriers offer a promising alternative mode of transporting natural gas because the liquid state is 500 times more condensed. There are currently over 400 LNG carriers in the world, but each company in the industry is pushing those numbers. The key to this industry is to expand the amount of terminals for LNG Carriers, and this is the greatest barrier to both new entrants, and success. Overcoming this, and continuously looking for ways to make the extraction process easier, is the keys
My family has a history of bad teeth with weak enamel. We could brush, floss, and use mouthwash five times a day and still get cavities. When my son's teeth came in, they had very weak enamel, and he had to have a lot of dental repair done when he was only two. This was when I started searching the internet for something that could help his teeth; and I discovered Xylitol. Xylitol is a white substance that tastes like sugar. It is found in various items in nature including hardwood, raspberries, berries, and lettuce-it is truly a natural sweetener. It is often derived from birch. Testing confirms that Xylitol reduces tooth decay in people who are prone to dental cavities, and even in those who are not. Children who chewed the recommended amount
The Olefins II Unit makes hydrocarbons from naphtha or natural gas using furnaces. After distillation, the p...
At the end of this experiment, we will obtain the friction factors of three different pipes and the compared results. We will also get a pump characteristic curve and the compared result. In the graph, the horizontal axis is gallons per minute, and head in feet, BHP, NPSH, and the efficiency are the vertical axis. Finally, the expected results of this experiment are similar to the manufacturer’s data.
converted into ethanol biochemically, but is easy to do thermochemically. The optimal biomasses for thermochemical conversions are trees and mill products. These have a high lignin concentration, so these biomass products respond better to the thermochemical method of ethanol production (Theis, 2007). Figure 3 shows the thermochemical process. The first step is drying the plants. Next the plants are burned into synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas is made of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2). This is called gasification. The gasification produces tar and sulfur, which is not clean and interferes with the making of ethanol. As a result, the syngas is sent to a tar reformer (Nasr, n.d., Theis, 2007). The tar reformer uses enzymes to convert about 97% of the tar into syngas (Theis, 2007). Then, the syngas is cleaned to get purer CO and H2 gasses. Next, the gas is compressed and mixed with a metal catalyst. The catalyst builds the gas back up into ethanol (Nasr, n.d.). There are some drawbacks to the thermochemical process, however. The catalysts used in the tar reformer are very expensive and the tar remains accumulate. Biorefineries could utilize
...ent on the total solids concentrations. The turbulent flow mixing is modelled by employing the realizable k-ε model. The predicted power and flow numbers of an impeller were validated against the lab specifications. Wu (2011) has done CFD simulation of non-Newtonian fluids in a lab-scale anaerobic digestion tank with a pitched blade turbine (PBT) impeller in turbulent flow regime. Six different turbulence models are used but realizable k-ε and the standard k-ω models were found to be more suitable than the other turbulence models. Ameur and Bouzit (2012) have carried out a CFD simulation of a shear thinning fluid using curved-blade impellers in a cylindrical unbaffled vessel at laminar and transition regime. They have studied the effect of the impeller speed, the fluid rheology and the number of impeller blades on the induced flow patterns and the power consumption.
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the effect of flow rates on distilled water by recording its volume every second.
In industry, the performance specifications for a particular pump may be known, but the tests are usually based on water as the pumping medium. For liquids of significantly higher viscosity than water, these performance curves may only be accurate at certain flow rates, or they might not be valid at all, and it might be necessary to recalibrate the specifications for higher viscosity liquids.
Membrane distillation (MD) is one of the membrane-based separation processes. The driving force for MD processes is the vapor pressure difference across the membrane which is created by applying temperature on feed side. Though the development of membrane distillation has been started since 1960s and many reported studies have been published, MD has gained little acceptance in industry or practice and is yet to be implemented in large scale. Its limitations over other membrane based processes like Reverse Osmosis (RO) makes MD less preferable. This report mainly concentrates the principle of MD, its limitations over other processes and, how to implement MD industrially and what are the factors that hinder MD applications and in what ways we can solve those obstructions.
In this report, theory of pipe flow was introduced. This is followed by the experimental apparatus and experimental procedure that required for carrying out the experiment. Next, experimental results that recorded were tabulated and shown. Detailed analysis was done based on experimental results. Comparison between theoretical and experimental value had been done as well. Possible sources of error had been determined accompanied with the suggestion for result accuracy improvement. Last but not least, conc...
Biomass gasification is a process by which biofuel is produced. It has been used for over 180 years but in the last decades it has been reconsidered as an interesting technique due to the fact that oil supplies are decreasing. As mentioned before, gasification is a thermal process. Heat is added up in order to convert the organic mass to biofuel. The biomass usually undergoes drying, pyrolysis, partial oxidation and reduction. Nowadays the configurations used for gasification are three: fixed bed gasifier, fluidized bed gasifier and entrained bed gasifiers. The simplest configuration is the
...ch is used to replace natural gas. He also stated that, among the equipment used to burn the biofuel, the suspension burner have the ability to exceed 99% efficiency and whole-tree burner can reduce the cost of harvesting and handling woody fuels by about 35% (Brown, 2003). Moreover, the usage of bio-energy in long term is to provide a degree of ecological balance and climate change, avoid acid rain, reduce soil erosion and minimize water pollution (Gevorkian, 2007). Therefore, biomass is environmental friendly like solar energy. Based on the research that has been carried out regarding the synthesis of gas from biomass, the gas gasifies in the internal combustion engine. The relative energy density of synthesis gas is higher than the fossil fuel under certain conditions. In addition, the relative flame speed of synthesis gas can reduce the time for spark ignition.
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.