Introduction
Following the recent developments in renewable energy sources, wind turbines have been one of the primary devices focussed on. Basically, wind turbines are devices that convert the kinetic energy from the wind into electrical power for human usage. “Wind farms” are created in very windy places to harness this energy.
It is however impossible to harness the entire power potential from the wind. Only 59% of the total kinetic energy of the wind flowing in the turbine can be harnessed. Efficiency greatly depends on the maintenance of the wind turbine and its components.
A variety of tests can be applied to test the material and structures.
In-Depth analysis and NDT tests done.
The lifecycle of wind turbines, the blades are a very important component. The lifespan of equipment due to spinning and exposure to surrounding cause thermal stresses, corrosion, oxidation and erosion. These aspects reduce the lifespan of the wind turbine. The lifespan can vary in usage, due to many unforeseen incidents occurring in the environment of the blades are. Also some type in production or in repair can deteriorate the constituents and in same time curtail the lifespan of the modules.
DYE PENETRANT TEST
Dye penetrant test is the NDT method most often used for inspecting wind turbine blades and vanes. It is recommended to use fluorescent dye penetrants for examination. After some time in overhaul, the blade surface is often corroded. In these circumstances, fluorescent dye penetrant is not endorsed and normal dye penetrant is more practical. The disadvantage of dye penetrant testing is its appropriateness only for surface opening cracks. Subsurface defects cannot be detected. As soon a crack is found, it is not possible to estimate its d...
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...ted systems. Apart for defect depth indication, ET is also likely to provide a better sensitivity and therefore earlier indications for life assessment of uncoated components than inspections based only on surface techniques. Sensor limitations have delayed the parallel developments in UT, but the obstacles do not appear insurmountable.
CONCLUSION
There are a lot of methods available for determining the properties of turbine blades. Some of these methods can be used to complete the information received from the dye penetrant testing. Most of the methods are available in laboratory stage only. But there are some techniques, like eddy current and ultrasonic techniques, which can be utilized in practical inspections on site. The driving force of NDT-evaluation is of course the utilities' need to optimize the plant operation and to minimise the risks of service damage.
Testing was performed at 23 ºC under the condition of 0% RH at 1 atm with the standard of ASTM D3985. Measurements were taken at three times and the average value was calculated. All specimens were conditioned at ambient conditions.
When examining textile damages, two common techniques are considered i.e. macroscopically (with the naked eye) and microscopically examining the area that might have possible damages to the fabric. Also, looking at the characteristics of the area to discover whether the textile has been torn, punctured, cut etc...
In the TEM, a beam of electrons is passed through thin, specially prepared slices of material. As the molecules in the air would absorb the electrons, a vacuum has to be created within the instrument. Where electrons are absorbed by the material, and do not therefore reach the screen, the image is dark. Such areas are said to be electron dense. Where electrons penetrate, the screen appears bright.
There is physics involved in these wind turbines as they change wind into mechanical energy and then into electricity. The energy produced depends on the volume of the air, the density, and the wind speed. The mass per unit time is the mass times the density times the wind speed or m = mass, p = density, A = area, and v = wind speed; m = pAV. Because the function of the wind turbine is to transform the wind’s kinetic energy into electricity the equation for kinetic energy is needed; KE = ½ mv2 or kinetic energy equals one half the mass times the velocity squared. Then, using substitution, the power in the wind depends on the density of the air, area swept out by rotors, and the cube of the velocity or ½ pAV3. Using Betz’ law the theoretical energy model for extracting 59% of the energy is power = 16/27(½ pAV3) .
Wind energy can play a critical role in saving our planet from the negative effects of energy powered by fossil fuels. Wind turbines work effectively at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. For instance, a single utility scale wind turbine can prevent the emission of 5,000 tons of CO2 into the atmosphere a year by displacing the power generated by fossil fuels. Also, a single 750-kilowatt turbine can produce roughly 2 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually. Turbines of this nature are the ones now being used in power plants around the world (Wind Energy Weekly). One good example is California. Their wind power plants displace 4.5 billion pounds of CO2 each year with the 3 billion kilowatt hours of energy they produce. To put it into an environmental perspective, that is as much CO2 as could be absorbed by a forest covering 1100 square miles (Wind Energy Weekly). Although wind energy has little to no impact on the environment when it comes to air pollution or greenhouse gases, there are other environmental concerns surrounding this form of energy production. Some of the concerns about wind energy include visual impacts, birds and other living resources, lightning and noise (Wind Energy Development).
United States International Trade Commission (2009, June). Wind Turbine Industry and Trade Report. Retrieved, August 12, 2011 from http://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/ITS-2.pdf
In everyday life, there are things that one needs to survive. And sustainability problems arise every day. One such problem is energy loss. The world is using up a lot of energy and new ideas need to be formed to help the rest of the world and the future of the generations that are to follow, to survive. With that the problem is that people use up energy and they do not use it efficiently. Therefore scientists are needed to find ways to deal with the sustainability problem that is arising. That is where wind turbines are used to generate this energy but the actual wind-turbines are very large, loud and they kill birds, thus new designs need to be found in order to help energy usage and to bring the size and structure of the wind turbines to a smaller scale to prevent injuries to nature and the species around it.
Wind turbines can be very useful in bringing energy into your home. They are especially useful when solar panels aren't working. They take the wind speed from oceans, lakes, dugouts, or rivers and turn it into energy. To use the wind turbines most efficiently you should set up a wind power system.
Just as long as wind continues to blow and the sun shines, then wind power can produce energy to send to many different areas. There aren’t many locations that have continuous wind. And because of that, the widespread development of wind power isn’t as great as it could be. Although there are more advantages than disadvantages when it comes to this energy source, the disadvantages should be taken just as seriously. Wind power can harm animals, there was a study that stated birds were coming in contact with turbines and dying.
Winds are caused by the irregular heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the variations of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. This wind flow, or kinetic energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity. There is an abundance of wind to meet our needs, “the potential of [the total] wind power [in the world] is. 20 times more than what the entire human population needs” (Maehlum). Currently, wind power is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available, costing between four and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending upon the wind resource.
Wind turbines are a great source of energy around the world. Wind turbines produce wind energy that can be used to power our homes. Wind turbines convert kinetic energy into mechanical power. Then this mechanical power gets generated into electricity. Wind turbines make energy by the wind turning the large blades, which spin a shaft that is connected to the large blades, which then operates the generator making electricity.
The Wind Turbine is a device that converts the kinetic energy of the wind into kinetic energy of turbines. The turbines turn to generate electricity but they work only when there is wind. The efficiency is 30-40%. The environmental impacts are needs many large turbines to generate electricity which can be noisy and unsightly. Turbines may endanger birds and bats.
The wind is an incredibly valuable renewable energy source and is in the forefront of renewable energy developments. It is used to convert wind energy into energy that can be harnessed and used via a variety of methods, including; wind turbines, windmills, sails and windpumps. For a renewable energy source, however, it is wind turbines that are used to generate electricity (see figure 1). Wind power has been used for this since the end of the nineteenth century, after Professor James Blyth of the Royal College of Science and Technology first attempted it (Boyle, 2012). However, It wasn’t until the 1980s that using wind power technology was sufficient enough to experience a rapid growth of the technology.
As the wind energy industry continues to grow, it will provide many job opportunities for workers and job seekers. These careers will extend beyond just the wind farm. To build and operate a wind turbine, it will take the efforts of many workers. The workers will be in factories and offices. There are construction employees, electricians, engineers, operators, gearbox makers and bla...
Aircrafts undergo a variety of stresses, strains, vibrations, and detrimental environments. It is important to inspect the aircraft regularly in order to keep the aircraft operable, which inspections of the aircraft is a big part of proper maintenance. There are many types of inspection; the most common one is pre-flight inspection and post-flight inspection. Under the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), a pre-flight inspection is mandatory for Pilot Proficiency Check. During a pre-flight inspection, the pilot should use the pre-flight checklist to perform an inspection on the exterior and interior of the aircraft. It is a chance for the pilot to check any defects on the aircraft that may cause a problem, and the readability of the radio signals.