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Six primary crime prevention approaches
approaches in crime prevention
Six primary crime prevention approaches
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There are many perceptions of what defines crime. The definitions appear to change throughout history and are still changing today (Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M., 2001 ,p.139). For example, in the past marital rape was not considered a crime as it was thought that women were believed to be “sexual property” of the male and, therefore it couldn’t be classed as rape (Brownmiller, 1975, cited by Bergen, R.K., 1996, p.3). However, in the United States in 1978 a man was convicted of rape on his wife (Russell, 1990, cited by Bergen, R.K., 1996, p.4). This shows how it is hard to define crime due to the changes in views over time. Different cultures also have different perceptions of what is, or is not considered to be a crime. For example, all states in the U.S. consider the possession, or use of marijuana a crime (Boire, R.G., 1996, p.21). However, in contrast, others view it in a positive light as, unlike smoking tobacco and drinking alcohol, marijuana has supposedly can be put to medical use. For example, the source argues that it can be used in medical situations to reduce symptoms of pain, such as AIDS (Geringer,D., Mikunya,T., M.D.,and Rosenthal, E., 1997, p.3). Situations such as these make it hard to pin point the exact definition of crime. However, different sources do attempt to define crime. For example, one definition of crime is that it is ‘an action for which you can be punished by law’ (Collins Gem English School Dictionary, 1995, p.177). A further, more specific definition is that crime is ‘an act or omission constituting an offence against an individual or the State and punishable by law’ (The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993, p.549). Both definitions state that it is due to the ability of one being p...
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...erapeutic Use. California: Publishers Express.
Henry, S. and Lanier, M. M. (2001). What is Crime? Controversies Over the Nature of Crime and What to do About it. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Hollin, C.R.C. (1989). Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. London: Taylor and Francis Group.
Home Office. (2008). Saving Lives. Reducing Harm. Protecting the Public. An Action Plan for Tackling Violence (2008-11) London: Home Office
Slack, J. (2009) The Most Violent Country in Europe: Britain is Also Worse Than South Africa and U.S. Retrieved November 1, 2009, from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1196941/The-violent-country-Europe-Britain-worse-South-Africa-U-S.html
The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (1993). Oxford: Clarendon Press
Webster, C. (2007) Understanding Race and Crime [Electronic Version] Berkshire: McGraw-Hill
White, R. & Haynes, F. (1996) Crime and Criminology: an introduction. Oxford University Press UK.
If there is one thing Australian society has an abundance of, it is images and opinions about crime. It is the central theme running through many forms of communication in the modern society. Whether the issue of crime is, drug-related, violent, juvenile, child abductions, serial killers, youth gangs, or crimes against the elderly, a public consensus exists that crime is rampant, dangerous and threatening to explode.
Costanzo, M., & Krauss, D. (2012). Forensic and Legal Psychology: Psychological Science Applied to Law. New York: Worth Publishers.
Costanzo, M., & Krauss, D. (2012). Forensic and legal psychology: Psychological science applied to law. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Eysenck, H.J., & Gudjonsson, G.H. (1989). The causes and cures of criminality. Contemporary Psychology, 36, 575-577.
Hollin, C. R. (2013). Psychology and Crime: An Introduction to Criminological Psychology. London: Routledge. p48-76.
Conscious efforts to critique existing approaches to questions of crime and justice, demystify concepts and issues that are laden with political and ideological baggage, situate debates about crime control within a socio-historical context, and facilitate the imagination and exploration of alternative ways of thinking and acting in relation to crime and justice. (p. 3).
Wilson, James and Herrnstein, Richard. "Crime & Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime" New York: Free Press, 1998.
Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R. (2012) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Winslow, R. W., & Zhang, S. (2008). Contemporary Theories of Crime. Criminology: a global perspective (). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
Through the first chapter of this book the focus was primarily on the notion of controlling crime. The best way to describe crime policy used in this chapter is comparing it to a game of ‘heads I win, tails you lose’. This chapter also addresses the causes for decline in America’s
Greenfield, D. (2007). Introduction to forensic psychology. issues and controversies in crime and justice. Journal of Psychiatry & Law, 35(2), 201-201-204,105-106.
Bartol, C. R. (2002). Criminal behavior: A psychosocial approach. (6 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Morrison, W. (2009) 'What is crime? Contrasting definitions and perspectives', in C. Hale, K. Hayward, A. Wahadin and E. Wincup, (eds), Criminology. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Criminology is the study of crime and criminals; a branch of sociology. More accurately, it is the study of crime as a social trend, and its overall origins, its many manifestations and its impact upon society as a whole. That makes it more a form of sociology than a law enforcement tool. But the trends it studies have a huge impact on the way the police do their jobs, the way society treats its criminals, and the way a given community goes about maintaining law and order. The writer will describe and give examples of the three perspectives of viewing crimes. The perspectives that will be highlighted are the consensus view, the conflict view or the interactionist view. Each perspective maintain its own interpretation of what constitutes criminal activities and what causes people to engage in criminal behaviors (Siegel, p.12).