Jet Propulsion
Introduction:
The following report, submitted to Roy Aircraft Engines Incorporated for an efficiency study, is an analysis of a turbojet engine completed by thermodynamically studying each main component that constitutes a turbojet engine. RAE Incorporated requested software that would calculate the theoretical maximum output velocity, using input data imputed by the user of the program. The calculations are made assuming idealized conditions. In the analysis, the turbojet was broken down into its fundamental parts, which consist of an inlet, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle.
Description of Turbojet Components
First, the inlet / diffuser, of a turbojet brings free stream air to the engine and does no thermodynamic work on the flow. It is assumed that the flow through the diffuser is isentropic.
Second, the compressor does work onto the gas passing through to raise the pressure. Again, this process is assumed to be isentropic.
Third, the compressed air is combined with fuel and is ignited within the combustor. The process within the combustor is assumed to be isentropic. The resulting high temperature fluid is used to turn the fourth component of the turbojet, the turbine.
Next, the turbine is used to extract energy from the heated flow coming from the burner. This is done by this flow of gas passing through blades on a free spinning shaft. The turbine generates just enough energy to drive the compressor. When the flow passes through the turbine, the pressure and temperature are decreased.
The next step is optional within the program. Here an afterburner is used to reheat the exiting gas from the turbine. This is done by injecting additional fuel into the gas exiting from the turbine. Igniting this mixture produces a higher temperature at the nozzle, as a result the final velocity of the jet engine is increased.
Finally, the flow comes through the nozzle where no thermodynamic work is performed on the flow by the nozzle. The temperature remains constant through the nozzle while the pressure and velocity of the flow will change as dictated by the design of the nozzle. The nozzle is used to produce thrust and used to conduct the exhaust gases back to the free air.
For the analysis of the turbojet, several assumptions were made and are as follows:
1. Air behaves as a compressible, ideal gas.
2. Flow through the diffuser, nozzle, compressor and combustor is
...the shock waves created by a shift, which acts as a brake, slowing the turbo and requiring it to be spooled up again. We lose boost pressure but keep our turbo speed this way.
According to Miller, Ron. The History of Rockets. N.p.: Grolier, 1999. Print. "The forces of action and reaction, which propel the rocket forward, occur the moment the fuel is burned-before the exhaust leaves the engine." (Miller 10). the combustion within the motor is burning the fuel (reactants) causing the exhaust (products) to leave the motor pushing the rocket up.
Next, the refrigerant moves on to the next side of the refrigeration cycle, which is the high pressure side. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a high temperature, high pressure gas and then moves to the condenser. At the condenser, the hot gas is condensed back to a liquid and it’s heat is given to the outside air. The refrigerant then moves from the condenser to the expansion valve where the amount of flow is restricted and lowers the pressure as the refrigerant leaves the expansion valve.
Gasoline engines have four strokes and six processes in each cycle. During the intake stroke, air and fuel are drawn into the cylinder; the volume and potential energy increase. Next, the compression stroke adiabatically compresses the gases; the volume decreases and the temperature increases. The spark does not occur during a stroke but when the piston is fully raised, this causes the gases to ignite keeping relatively the same volume. In the power stroke, the gas adiabatically expands; the temperature decreases and the volume increases. Finally, the exhaust valve is opened so in the exhaust stroke when the piston moves up the gasses are released causing the volume to decrease.
4.Exhaust: After the Air/Fuel mix has been burnt the remaining chemicals in the cylinder (water and CO2 for the most part) must be removed so that fresh air can be brought in. As the piston goes back up after combustion the exhaust valve opens allowing the exhaust gasses to be released.
Two pistons, called the hot and cold pistons are used on the side of the cooler, regenerator and heater. These pistons move uniformly in the similar direction to provide constant-volume heating or cooling processes of the working fluid. When the entire working fluid has been transferred into one cylinder, one piston is fixed and the other piston moves to expand or compress the working fluid. The compression work is done by the cold piston and the expansion work is done by the hot piston. In the beta-configuration, a displacer and a power piston contained within the same cylinder. The cylinder moves working fluid between the cold space and the hot space of the displacer through the heater, regenerator, and cooler. The power piston placed at the cold space of the cylinder, expands the working fluid when the working fluid is in the hot space and compresses the working fluid when the working fluid is moved into the cold
...o turn it back into a high pressure gas. The gas is then used to turn a turbine and a generator to produce electricity (Liquid Air Energy Netwrok, 2012).
so they could compress the air at a much higher pressure so the engine can
Process ab: The vapour refrigerant entering the compressor is compressed to high pressure and temperature in an isentropic manner.
To appreciate fully the internal-combustion one must know about its origin and development, its modifications and the many improvements that have been made to it throughout its history.
Firstly, the gas turbine engine operation begins with the air intake process. As of all internal combustion engine, oxygen is required to support the combustion of the fuel and the source of oxygen is from the fresh air that is taken in. Initially, the fan is rotated by a driving shaft that is powered by the turbine of the engine. A negative or vacuum pressure at the intake side is then created by the rotating fan. Next, the surrounding air is drawn towards the inlet and causes it to flow into the gas turbine engine inlet (Cengel & Boles, 2011). At the same time, the pressure on the other side of the fan is increased as it is compressed at a lower pressure ratio and causes the air in the outlet side of the fan to move fu...
The steam engine is a peripheral ignition mechanism, wherein the operating fluids are disconnected from the ignition results. Non-combustion heat resources like nuclear and solar powers or geothermal power could be utilized. Water resorts to vapour in a reservoir and arrive at high pressures. When developed through turbines or pistons, automatic exertion is completed. The condensed-pressure condensation is then compressed, and reverse-pumped to a boiler. Several convenient steam engines remove low-pressure steams rather than compressing it for recycles.
As the piston rises, the pressure forces the poppet valve closed, and the mixture is compressed. Once the piston reaches its peak, the spark plug fires, igniting the compressed fuel causing the fuel to expand driving the piston downward. The exhaust valve opens after the piston reaches its lowest point. As the piston begins to rise, the exhaust fuel is driven out of the chamber. Large four-stroke engines tend to have more than one cylinder and often feature valves, fuel injectors, and turbochargers (Four Stroke
The process need toluene and hydrogen as a main reactor. Then, toluene and hydrogen are converted in a reactor packed with catalyst to produce benzene and methane. This reaction is exothermic and the operating conditions are 500 0C to 660 0C, and 20 to 60 bar of pressure. This process begins with mixing fresh toluene with a stream of recycle unreacted toluene, and the mixing is achieved in a storage tank. Then, the toluene is pumped to combine it with a stream of mixed hydrogen and fresh hydrogen gas. The mixture of toluene and hydrogen is preheated before it is introduce to the heater or furnace. In the furnace, the stream is heated to 600 0C, then introduced into the reactor. Basically, the main reactions occurs in the reactor.
Finally, the liquid moves to the evaporator, where heat from the inside air is absorbed and changes it from a liquid to a gas. After that, it goes again to the compressor, where the entire cycle is repeated.