PLAN Introduction: After having built up knowledge about the kinetics of reactions I decided to do an investigation in this area. I was initially introduced to this particular reaction1 in EP6.4 and then in AA2.1. I was interested in using this reaction as a means of potentially supporting and quantifying some of the theories that I have studied along with also perhaps extending on them. Aim: Using a clock reaction I shall: • Investigate the effect of concentration for each reactant and use the results to find the rate equation for this particular reaction. • Investigate the effect of temperature on the rate and use the results to find the activation enthalpy for this particular reaction. Background detail The Reaction:2 The reaction I am studying is often referred to as an ‘iodine clock reaction.’ A clock reaction is where the time taken to form a definite, small amount of a product at the beginning of a reaction is recorded to work out the rate. This reaction involves the oxidation of iodide ions to iodine molecules which are soluble in water and are visible as a pale brown clear solution. The formation of the iodine can easily be detected because all other species in the reaction mixture are colourless. The addition of starch to the reaction mixture further enhances the colour change by forming a dark blue-black complex with the iodine. The overall ionic equation is: (the spectator ions K+ have been left out to see the electron transfer clearly) S2O82- (aq) + 2I- (aq) 2SO42- (aq) + I2 (aq) The initial rate of the reaction can be measured by measuring the time it takes to produce a fixed small amount of iodine in the reaction as mentioned above. This can be done by adding thiosulphate ions into the reaction system which instantaneously revert the iodine molecules to iodide ions. When the amount of thiosulphate ions run out, iodine is produced and there is a sudden colour change. A sudden colour change makes the time required for the iodine to be produced very obvious. This reaction is shown in the equation: 2S2O32- (aq) + I2 (aq) S4O62- (aq) + 2I- (aq) The total amount of iodine produced in the reaction mixture can be calculated by the equivalent amount of thiosulphate added to the reaction mixture. This way the rate can be measured in concentration of iodine produced per unit time rather than just as a reciprocal of time. This is important because it enables me to work out the rate constant, k, in the rate equation which I will discuss later.
Shaughnessy, M. F., & Wakefield, J. F. (2003). Creativity: Assessment. In N. Piotrowski & T. Irons-Georges (Eds.), Magill's encyclopedia of social science:Psychology (pp. 459-463). Pasadena, CA: Salem Press.
an enzyme is used to speed up the process in the equation above. In my
Pro life vs. pro choice is a very sensitive subject to argue among a crowd. A large number of advantages and disadvantages leave individuals in an uproar while explaining their stance. Views on religion, myths, and unfit mothers show different arguments to each opposing side. Alternatives to abortion and the future aspects have shown many different pieces about pro life and pro choice. To start, pro life arguments will be stated along with the writer’s opinions. Finally, the writer’s opinions on the subject following pro choice disputes. This provides a clear understanding between the two opposing topics.
Pro-choice versus pro-life argues over the issue of what should be the right stance when dealing with the life of an unborn child. From the perspective of a person who is pro-choice, they believe that “individuals have unlimited autonomy with respect to their own reproductive systems, just as long as they don’t violate the independence of others.” Pro-choice also argues that the government should not have the right to decide whether a woman should exterminate her pregnancy or not. From their viewpoint, they believe that what should be legal in the eyes of the government is contraception use, celibacy, abstinence, and abortion for the first two trimesters of pregnancy. On the stance of pro-life, they argue that the government has a right
2. In order to determine how fast a reaction is occurring there must be a basis for measurement. There must also be an indicator substances to determine the change that took place. Then there must be a tool to measure the change. In this lab a spectrophotometer was used. The ABS value is the actual value and it is used to determine the rate of change.
In the operating room, there are many things that come into play to keep the patient and staff safe at all times. The safety checks that are double-checked before the surgery are extensive and they are
Wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong patient errors are avoidable safety issues. Nearly 1.9 trillion dollars are spent on medical errors each year in the United States (Catalano & Fickenscher, 2008). Between 1995 and 2007, 691 wrong-site surgeries have been reported to The Joint Commission's Sentinel Event data repository (AHC Media LLC, 2008). In 2003 in response to the outcry for better patient safety The Joint Commission published their National Patient Safety Goals. Among the goals was the Universal Protocol. The Universal Protocol is actually drawn from several of the National Patient Safety Goals. It relies on multiple check points and the involvement of the entire surgical team to avoid such errors. Wrong site, wrong procedure, and wrong patient surgeries should never happen. The Universal Protocol is an evolving process which reflects the success and failures of healthcare practice, thus it requires periodic updates and policy revisions.
Summary: Preventing surgical errors brochure discussed the importance of patients to communicate any concerns, questions and problems they may have to the health care providers involved in their surgery such as the surgeon, nurses, nutritionist, physical therapists, social worker, and occupational therapist. A Patient’s ability to communicate helps to prevent more surgical errors,
The murder of innocents or, a woman’s right to choose; the Pro-Life/ Pro-Choice Debate, Which side are you on? The issue of abortion has been a topic of interest not only in the medical world but also in the political and religious worlds as well. The pro-life argument states that at conception the fetus is a baby and terminating it is taking a life. The pro-choice argument states that the unborn fetus, not baby, is just a blob of tissue and your terminating a pregnancy not a child. Both sides of the argument will be discussed in this essay along with the views of the church, politicians, women who have had abortion, and even a women who use to worked for Planned Parenthood.
Anger and heated debate have long fueled the controversy over abortion. Whether pro-life or pro-choice, both sides of the argument are convinced of the righteousness of their beliefs. There is, however, some confusion surrounding the term “pro-choice” – it does not directly pertain to the spread and use of abortion, but rather, “pro-choicers” advocate the continued legalization of abortion in order to make the choice available and to ensure that women’s fundamental rights are not subjugated. The stance that abortion should be available has its roots in economic concerns, psychological evidence, moral dilemmas, and the Constitution.
Abortion is an issue which separates the American public, especially when it involves the death of children and women. When an abortion occurs, the medical doctor removes the fetus from the pregnant woman. This particular act has separated the public. Many believe that abortion is not morally and ethically correct. On the other hand, some people believe that carrying and delivering the unborn child will hinder the safety of the mother, then an abortion is needed. Each view has its own merit in the debate. This debate has separated the public into two sections: pro-life and pro-choice. A pro-lifer opposes abortion, whereas, a pro-choicer believes that the decision to abort the child should be left to the mother because she is the one carrying the child. In this paper, there will be topics that will be discussed concerning pro-life and pro-choice. I hope at the end of this paper, the reader is able to gain more knowledge concerning each topic. Every woman has the right to control her own body.
This is the first reaction in the Harcourt Essen experiment. The iodine is oxidised to produce I2 wh...
Medical errors can happen in the healthcare system such as hospitals, outpatient clinics, operating rooms, doctor’s offices, pharmacies, patients’ homes and anywhere in the healthcare system where patients are being treated. These errors consist of diagnostic, treatment, medicine, surgical, equipment calibration, and lab report error. Furthermore, communication problems between doctors and patients, miscommunication among healthcare staff and complex health care systems are playing important role in medical errors. We need to look for a solution which starts changes from physicians, nurses, pharmacists, patients, hospitals, and government agencies. In this paper I will discuss how does the problem of medical errors affect our healthcare delivery system? Also how can these medical errors be prevented and reduced?
However, in order to measure the rates of reaction, sodium thiosulphate and starch are added. Sodium thiosulphate is added to react with a certain amount of iodine as it is made. Without the thiosulphate, the solution would turn blue/black immediately, due to the iodine and starch. The thiosulphate ions allow the rate of reaction to be determined by delaying the reaction so that it is practical to measure the time it takes for the iodine to react with the thiosulphate. After the all the thiosulphate has reacted with the iodine, the free iodine displays a dark blue/black colour with the starch. If t is the time for the blue/black colour to appear, then 1/t is a measure of the initial rate.
My aim in this piece of work is to see the effect of temperature on the rate of a reaction in a solution of hydrochloric acid containing sodium thiosulphate.