THE HOMOPHILE YEARS (1940s-60s – WWII, Cold War, McCarthyism):
1940s
· Growth in the urban subculture of gay men and lesbians.
· Government and police harassment, persecution, and investigation of gays.
1950s-1960s
· The homophile movement remained small and relatively marginalized.
End of 1960s
· Rise of activism + “Gay is good”
· Reformist goals:
ü decriminalization of homosexual acts,
ü equal treatment and equal rights under the law,
ü dissemination of accurate,
ü “unbiased” information about homosexuality.
· Achievements:
ü right to publish gay and lesbian magazines,
ü first employment discrimination cases won,
ü constraints on police harassment,
ü dialogue opened in the scientific and religious communities,
ü media visibility,
ü organizational impulse,
ü denunciation of how gays and lesbians are a mistreated, persecuted minority.
· Problems: Society’s hostility against homosexuals and the penalties attached to exposure.
STONEWALL AND THE EMERGENCE OF RADICAL GAY LIBERATION
(1969-e1970s):
June 1969
· Stonewall Riot ð Symbol of a new militance. Result: a radical mass movement.
Early 1970s
· Gay Liberation Front (GLF): Radical gay and lesbian activism.
· Influences: civil rights movement, Black Power movement, white student movement, antiwar movement, and feminism.
· Goals:
ü Attack of the systemic oppression of gays and lesbians.
ü Analysis of gay oppression and sexism.
ü Making common cause with “all the oppressed” and commitment to a larger project of political change.
ü Public demonstrations and emphasis on visibility.
· Achievements:
ü New rhetoric of pride and affirmation.
ü Political, social, and cultural organizations that helped build a movement and a community.
ü Public affirmation of homosexual identity (coming out in public).
· Problems: Employment discrimination, arrests, political conservatism, economic entrenchment, and lack of attention to sexism and racism.
A GAY RIGHTS MOVEMENT (1970s):
· Reformative politics: Rather than try to destroy the old in order to build something new, they sought recognition and inclusion in American society.
ü Gay Activist Alliance (GAA).
ü From liberation to activism.
· Emphasis on coming out and gay rights. They expected and demanded acceptance for who they were.
· Militant and angry protests.
· Language of pride and self-affirmation; rejection of mainstream cultural views of homosexuality.
· Single-issue organizations, completely gay-focused, with clearly specified structures and processes.
· Goals: ending job discrimination, media invisibility, church and military discrimination.
· Achievements:
ü 1973 ð the American Psychiatric Association eliminates homosexuality from its list of mental disorders.
ü less discrimination and harassment,
ü greater visibility,
ü new economic opportunities for gay-oriented businesses (bars, bathhouses, discos, restaurants, etc.
When looking back at the history of jazz, there are two figures who greatly affected the development of the genre and shaped it into more of what we know today. These two are Bix and the Great “Satchmo”. They both have many aspects about them to compare and contrast, including popularity, style background and even race. Louis Armstrong rose to astronomical stardom and is one of the most polarizing figures in the history of jazz music. Inspiring and entertaining millions of people across the world, Louis touched so many people and became one of the biggest celebrities in the entire planet. Almost in direct contrast, Bix Beiderbecke had a very promising and influential career but was only appreciated by few during his time. Bix and his unique
The Holocaust is the greatest atrocity ever committed. Millions upon millions of people were ruthlessly tortured and executed during the infamous reign of the Third Reich. The events and conditions surrounding Adolf Hitler’s rise to power have been extensively studied by historians, sociologists, political scientists, and psychologists in the hopes of preventing this state of merciless dictatorship from ever recurring. Due to the immensity of the Nazi campaign against those of the Jewish faith, that ethnic group is most often mentioned in association with the concentration camps and exterminations of the Third Reich. However, there were many other groups who were persecuted alongside the Jews. These groups include political dissidents, criminals, gypsies, the handicapped, Jehovah’s Witnesses, emigrants, and homosexuals (Heger 32). The plight of homosexuals is, perhaps, the most overlooked aspect of the Holocaust. Of all the concentration camps, Sachsenhaussen, just north of Berlin, was the most important in the imprisonment and execution of homosexuals. The conditions under which all prisoners here were forced to live were absolutely inhuman, but for homosexuals it was far worse. As the one group that was despised by both the Nazis and those who were imprisoned within concentration camps, gays were persecuted with the greatest enthusiasm, and because of the taboos surrounding their lifestyle, their tragedy was left unnoticed for nearly three decades.
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Coral reef is one of seawater features that have been affected by climatic changes. This has led to destruction through coral bleaching and increased mortality, especially due to the warming of the sea that causes an increase in sea water levels (Bakerl, Glynn & Riegl, 2008). An increase in global temperature also increases ocean acidification (Hoegh-Guldberg et al., 2007). These occurrences destroy reefs resulting in a significant drop in other sea organisms that depend on the reef. This implies that climatic changes are among the most destructive environmental elements affecting coral reef population in the world. To understand how climatic changes affect coral reef population, it is important to consider different ecological processes that occur due to climatic changes, the most common being the rise in global temperatures.
Flint, Michigan is in a state of emergency, but help isn’t coming fast enough. The seepage of toxic lead into drinking water pipes has created a widespread public health crisis which has prompted President Obama to declare a federal state of emergency. The problem can be traced back to 2014 when the city started to use the Flint River as its primary water source. Flint was in need of an alternative water source until its connecting pipe to the Karegnondi Water Authority (KWA) was complete, so the city switched over to the Flint River. As soon as the transition was made, citizens started to notice discoloration in their water as well as a foul smell. In a summary of the crisis in Flint, the New York Times stated, “the switch was made as a cost-saving
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The water crisis in Flint Michigan began as early as was as April of 2014. The crisis is concerning a small town called Flint, located at the bottom right of michigan were the majority of the population is African American. The issue began when the town 's water supply witch in past use to come from the detroit river water supply was switched over to the Flint river water supply. People soon began to complain about the taste, smell, and color of the tap water, and of symptoms such as hair loss and rashes from bathing in the water. Even though there were many signs that the water was indeed contaminated, such as when a General Motors plant in Flint stopped using municipal water in October of 2014, claiming that it corroded car parts, the government officials stated that the water was not a threat to the public 's health and safety. However it was later revealed that the water was in fact unhealthy, and contained too much lead. The issue was brought to the eyes of the public when Lee Anne Walters, a Flint resident. This mother of four had seen her family suffer from various alarming symptoms, including abdominal pains, hair loss, and rashes; she also has a son who showed signs of developmental problems. She decided to switch her family to bottled water, and the symptoms abated. Finally, in February of 2015, she demanded that the city test the tap water. A federal investigation was launched and the results came back shocking. The water was extremely toxic containing 400 parts per billion of lead. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), there is no safe level of lead in drinking water, but the maximum allowed by law is 15 parts per billion. Virginia Tech professor and engineer Marc Edwards, an expert on municipal w...
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The LGBTQ community has always existed in society, however it fluctuated in its prevalence and acceptance throughout the 20th century. Prior to the 1920s numerous accounts were given stating that being homosexual was a concealed topic, it was not discussed, and if the topic of being gay or lesbian was brought up it could lead to imprisonment or a ruined life for the individual. Similarly, before the 1920s in the U.S. the LGBTQ community couldn’t even be referred to by their preferred sexual identities but as “temperamental” instead, which solidified the lack of support for their community. Reaching the 1920s it became slightly easier for gays to come out amongst other gay people in the LGBTQ community but coming out publicly was still unheard of. The male gay community had to use certain code words and dress a certain way in order to conceal their sexuality.