Effects and Types of Anesthetics
Anesthetics are depressant drugs that cause a total or
partial loss of the sense of pain. The effect an anesthetic has
on the body depends on several factors. What type of anesthetic
is used determines the effect along with the dosage and a person
(or animal’s) body weight.
The word anesthesia was first introduced by Oliver Wendell
Holmes in 1846 about four weeks after the first demonstration of
ether anesthesia at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Ether
was the first type of anesthesia used and was demonstrated as a
means of allowing a patient to be unconscious and free from
surgical pain.
Stages of Anesthesia
Stage one is known as analgesia and results from an increase
in circulating endorphins. There is a mild depression of
cortical centers and this type of anesthesia is also known as
twilight sleep.
Stage two is characterized by a loss of consciousness. It
is a critical period because delirium and increased involuntary
activity, as well as hypersecretion, can occur. It is best to
get through stage one and stage two as quickly as possible and
this stage, along with stage one, are known as induction.
Stage three is the stage of anesthesia known as surgical
anesthesia, and most surgical procedures are performed in this
stage. There is usually a loss of spinal reflexes and muscle
tone.
Stage four is an undesirable stage and is characterized by
respiratory depression and other manifestations of overdose.
Most general anesthetics are non-specific agents, meaning
that their activity depends on their lipid solubility rather that
their structure. Inhaled and exhaled gas containing the agents
equilibrates with the lung tissue, and then with the blood. In
the brain, the agent equilibrates between the blood and neural
tissue, depressing neurons and causing the pharmacological
effect.
Types of Anesthesia
Though ether was the first type of anesthesia, there are now
many different types. Ether, along with chloroform, are known as
the anesthetics from hell because they have all of the negative
traits of this class of drugs. Ethyl ether is potent and fairly
safe, but it is also flammable and explosive. It forms peroxides
and it produces a very unpleasant induction phase. Also, it is
irritating and causes nausea and vomiting during recovery.
Chloroform is just as potent and relaxes the skeletal muscle
fairly effectively, but has a narrow margin of safety, produces
liver and kidney toxicity, and has been known to fairly
frequently cause cardiac arrest. In addition, it can also cause
severe hypertension.
Another type of general anesthetic agent is non halogenated
hydrocarbons. All of these work well and the longer the chain,
Prior to intubation for a surgical procedure, the anesthesiologist administered a single dose of the neuromuscular blocking agent, succinylcholine, to a 23-year-old female to provide muscular relaxation during surgery and to facilitate the insertion of the endotracheal tube. Following this, the inhalation anesthetic was administered and the surgical procedure completed.
IV sedation is reserved for our most complicated procedures and patients with very high levels of fear and anxiety. IV sedation creates a sleep-like state that allows you to wake up from a procedure with no memory of the sights, smells, sounds, or sensations that occurred during the treatment. This form of sedation is administered through an intravenous line and only by a licensed
Contrast the mechanism of action of the barbiturates and the benzodiazepines as hypnotics. Discuss the advantages of the benzodiazepines over the barbiturates.
There are couple facts that have occurred in this case study, Dr. Jones doesn’t seem to have the proper staff in order to accommodate any further complications that might occur during the surgery. Dr. Jones didn’t necessarily have to have three procedures that involved three different anesthesia procedures. Mr. Smith overpaid for his procedures when he could have had the problem fixed in one appointment for only $2,000. I am personally not very familiar with these types of procedures which why these are the only facts that I can point at this moment. When it’s all said and done, Dr. Jones made his overhead and Mr. Smith is well because of the procedures done.
Anesthetics were not used in surgery until October 16, 1846, in Massachusetts General Hospital (Youngson 51). The anesthesia was a inhaled gas known as ether. In 1847 a doctor by the name of James Simpson popularized chloroform as an alternative to ether. According to Simpson chloroform could do more with less, act faster and last longer than ether, is more pleasing to the senses than ether, and is cheaper (qtd. in Youngson 70). Chloroform also did not need an inhaling device like ether did; it could be placed on a piece of cloth and work just as well (Youngson 70).
In the early 1800’s, before the use of anesthesia, many patients with life threatening issues would forgo surgery and choose the permanent path of death rather than undergo a painful, emotionally scarring procedure such as surgery before anesthesia. When surgeries did take place, they would be performed on the top floors of hospitals so that the other patients couldn’t hear the screams. More than 8,000 anesthesia-free operations were performed in the Ether Dome at Mass General Hospital, coincidentally the birthplace of the first surgery “without pain” (Mass General).
Anesthesiologists take care of patients’ body signs while they are in surgery and also with their pain management during surgery (“Physicians” para. 10). During the surgery they give the patient anesthetics or drugs. These drugs help relieve pain the patient feels during their surgery or any other procedure (“Physicians” para. 10). They will also position the patient onto the operating table to make them feel comfortable and surgically accessible for surgery (“Anesthesiologist” What’s para. 1). Most use local, intravenous, spinal, or caudal methods to inject the anesthetic for sedation; the anesthesiologist prepares the patient for surgery (“Anesthesiologist” What’s para. 1). They record the types and amounts of amnesia used(“Anesthesiologist” What’s para. 1). They also watch over the patient’s body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate (“Physicians” para. 10). After the procedure, they decide when the patient has recovered from the anesthetic and is able to go home (“Anesthesiologist” What’s para. 1). Anesthesiologists can ...
Today scientist found a way to create 3-D organ prints, physicians have a large variety of options to use as medication such as antibiotics. Also, many surgical procedures have been discovered throughout the years. An improvement toward surgery has bee anesthesia. “Modern surgery is possible because of the development of anesthesia” ("Anesthesia & Types of Anesthesia”). There has been developed three types of anesthesia: local, regional, and general. “The type of anesthesia used for a surgical procedure is determined by several factors: type and length of the surgery, patient health, and preference of the patient and physician.” (“Anesthesia & Types of Anesthesia”). Local anesthesia is used for minor surgeries in a very specific region, it can come as a spray or a cream. Regional anesthesia numbs a whole body region, usually done on the lower part of the body. This anesthesia is used for intensive surgeries. General anesthesia makes you completely unconscious. It is inhaled by a mask through the patient, but it is only used if regional or local anesthesia could not be utilized. The advancement of anaesthesia makes more surgical procedures possible. Today's surgery pain is not as cruel as it used to be during the civil war. If a person got wounded due to a bullet they most likely would not need amputation because of the medical advancements. Amputation is not as painful as before and
For those with a strong fear of the dentist, general anesthesia or deep sedation offers the highest level of unconsciousness. Patients using these medications will be totally or almost unconscious throughout the work. Patients can't be easily awakened until the sedation wears off or until medication is provided to reverse the
Oral sedation dentistry (a. k. a sleep dentistry) is a medical procedure which has to do with the administration of oral sedative drugs, used to facilitate a dental procedure and to reduce patients solicitude, troubles and distress related to the experience.
Firstly, Anesthesia made many surgical operations possible and saved millions of lives. As most people would have rather committed suicide than undergo surgery, Anesthetics allowed for patient’s to be operated on safely and without pain. Surgery is a very common practice in all parts of the world and can only be possible with the help of Anesthetics. According to the Massachusetts Academy of Mathematics and Science, ‘40 million people in North America are administered to Anesthesia every year’ (2010 p. 37). This statistic shows how Anesthesia influences many people lives every day.
Breaking news: An American dentist by the name of William Morton has found a way to reduce many patients agony during medical surgery. This substance he has used that works is called ether,which is anaesthesia. Before Morton had found ether there were other ways to knock out patients such as alcohol,but that put patients at high risk of complications.It has also been known that the older methods were not reliably effective. It was Dr. Morton’s willingness to protect patients from extreme pain while in medical surgery that will change the medical future.
If birth has been occurring since the beginning of time why do so many women act as if it’s something new? Nowadays, you have women asking for morphine, walking epidurals, and spinal epidurals. Why are so many women deciding that they can’t do a natural childbirth and what are the risks of not having one? Researchers have done studies on epidurals to determine if they cause women to get an increase in c-sections. They have also done studies to determine if getting an epidural to early will increase the chances of getting an epidural.
An Anesthesiologist is a trained physician in anesthesia and perioperative medicine. Anesthesia is a state of temporary induced loss of sensation or awareness. It may include analgesia, paralysis, amnesia, or unconsciousness. Physician anesthesiologists are primarily responsible for the safety and well-being of patients before, during and after surgery. ... These anesthetics provide continuous pain relief and sustain patients' critical life functions as they are affected throughout surgical, obstetrical or other medical procedures.
Anesthesia is used in almost every single surgery. It is a numbing medicine that numbs the nerves and makes the body go unconscious. You can’t feel anything or move while under the sedative and are often delusional after being taken off of the anesthetic. Believe it or not, about roughly two hundred years ago doctors didn’t use anesthesia during surgery. It was rarely ever practiced. Patients could feel everything and were physically held down while being operated on. 2It wasn’t until 1846 that a dentist first used an anesthetic on a patient going into surgery and the practice spread and became popular (Anesthesia). To this day, advancements are still being made in anesthesiology. 7The more scientists learn about molecules and anesthetic side effects, the better ability to design agents that are more targeted, more effective and safer, with fewer side effects for the patients (Anesthesia). Technological advancements will make it easier to read vital life signs in a person and help better decide the specific dosages a person needs.