CHALLENGE TO CONGRESS DOMINANCE: FROM 1967 to 1977
In 1967 elections, the Congress party’s performance dipped ever further. The steady decline that the party saw over the past three elections continued to haunt them and this time it challenged the party’s supremacy in the state. The Congress could only win 199 seats in the state assembly elections and for the first time their seat share from Uttar Pradesh in the Lok Sabha dropped below 50. The Congress won 48 seats from Uttar Pradesh. There were many reasons behind this bad performance. To begin with, the death of Jawahar Lal Nehru and Lal Bahadur Shastri, two of the biggest Congress figures of that time had a major part to play in their decline. Moreover, both of them belonged to Uttar Pradesh and with them gone, the party had an internal crisis with both Morarji Desai and Indira Gandhi wanting to become the Prime Minister. The other causes for Congress’ poor performance in 1967 included the failure of the monsoons in 1965 and 1966 and the subsequent hardship throughout northern and eastern India. It was also due to the currency devaluation in 1966 which was quite unpopular.
In the state, Congress was able to gain a bare majority in the State Assembly but Charan Singh who was one of the most popular leaders of the state decided to leave the Congress with his supporters. He formed another party called the Bhartiya Kranti Dal in 1967. In 1967, Charan Singh became the Chief Minister of the state through the help of the opposition parties. However, Charan Singh became the successor to C. B. Gupta who was the Chief Minister for a brief one-month period. Charan Singh, an open critic of Jawahar Lal Nehru’s Soviet Union like policies with the help of Raj Narain and Ram Manohar Lohia, ...
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...ld throughout the country by trade and students unions. These agitations were being led by Jayaprakash Narayan and Morarji Desai.
After the high court’s verdict, Indira Gandhi decided to challenge it in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court upheld the High court’s decision to take away Indira Gandhi’s Member of Parliament privileges and deemed her election unlawful. However, she was permitted to continue as India’s Prime Minister. Jayaprakash Narayan organised a rally in Delhi the very next day. His statements during the rally were considered a sign of provoking revolutionary sentiments across the country by Indira Gandhi. On the same day of the rally, Indira Gandhi made President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed declare a state of emergency throughout the country. This marked the starting of what continues to be one of the most controversial time periods in Indian politics.
out against the injustice and urged the Indians, “to unite in claiming a common and equal right in
against their employers, employees were able to go on strike and prove a point. Some
Both groups WSPU and NUWSS tried to get succeed in able to vote in different ways. These groups had some legal and illegal methods to get their own way. The legal methods were meetings, demonstrations and pilgrimages in which both parties took part. Some illegal activities that they tried to do were Tax evasion and census methods, propaganda techniques and persuading the parliament. In both these legal and illegal activities both parties took part.
...d knight of labor. When they are all fighting the workers are still in bad conditions and nothing gets done. In 1895, the Supreme Court declared that the government has power from the Constitution to remover obstruction from the highway (Document H). This really tells us that the government has all the power and can replace the strikers when they get in the way. Since the government is more powerful, they have more control over the activists outweighing them all. So, because the activists are busy fighting, the government can take over and so the poor are left where they are.
The reason why many claim that it was the loss of major figures within the Labour Party administration that caused labour to lose in 1951 is that Clement Attlee himself lost focus due to this loss. This gives rise to the claim that this is the most important reason because if your own leader has given up then who is there to motivate not only the voters but the candidates themselves. Some have disputed this claim as Labour still won
Under British rule in India, the British were harshly oppressive and only interested in exploiting products from India for their own use, causing many Indians to become extremely poor. They became so oppressed they were on the verge of violent civil disobedience, when Gandhi appeared to negotiate with the British threw non-violent tactics such as sit-ins and hunger strikes. The people were supportive on Gandhi and were set to become violent if anything happened to him. Things were resolved without violence.
industries were being thrown away so many people lost their jobs, and lots of poverty struck India. “You English committed one supreme crime against my people. For a Hundred Years you have done everything for us. You have given us no responsibility for our own government.” Document 7 shows how The British took over India and did not give the Indians a word in their own land, and government, which was extremely unfair. Gandhi is explaining this and is truly upset with the British. “The destruction of industry led to unemployment on a vast scale… The poverty of the country grew.” (Document 6) Although the Indians were being kept safe, the people were losing their jobs and the level of poverty was extremely high. Industries were being demolished, therefore people lost their jobs, and less jobs were
Donald Grinde is the author of The Iroquois and the Founding of the American Nation, one of the earliest books to argue for an Indian influence on the formation of the American democracy. Since Grinde’s publication and Bruce Johansen’s a year later, there has been a great deal of debate over this issue. Many of the most prominent opponents of the influence thesis have failed to distinguish between the arguments of more extreme authors, such as Gregory Schaaf, who claim that the Iroquois Gayanashagowa was copied by the U.S. Constitution, and those with a more moderate stance, like Johansen and Grinde, who simply point to a clear influence (Johansen, 1998). This paper intends to argue along the lines of these latter authors. Our founding fathers did not copy the Gayanashagowa or Great Law of Peace, but our Constitution was written with reflection upon the Iroquoian government with the goal of synthesizing this model into a form that could satisfy the needs of the American people. Given the evidence presented by Grinde and Johansen, it is clear that Native Americans influenced early U. S. political minds—if not directly, then at least indirectly.
The Indian government is corrupted and makes promises it is unable to keep. In The White Tiger, Balram describes that the government is “...the world’s greatest democracy. What a fucking joke.” (Adiga 145). When Balram lived in Laxmangarh his right to vote for the prime minister was taken from him, due to the fact that running candidates pay the current government to make sure they are elected. The government system also enables the rich to get richer. They do this by immensely taxing the poor and enforcing the caste system on the poor. The caste system is a labeling system you were born into and of what you are expected of in life. For example Balram had the caste of Halwai, which is derived from “sweet-maker”. This meant Balram was expected to work...
Assess the significance of popular protest in challenging authority and its success in bringing about change in the years 1880-1992.
Gandhi believed “Non-violence is the greatest force man has been endowed with. Truth is the only goal he has. For God is none other but truth. But Truth cannot be, never will be, reached except through non-violence.”(‘Non-Violence- The Greatest Gift). One of Gandhi’s best-known non-violent protest was the Salt Satyagrah, that took place from 1930-1931, a 241 mile march to the coast to protest British rule and the salt taxes. Gandhi used techniques such as formal statements, prayer, boycotts, and honoring of the men and women killed or wounded by the British especially for those who were killed at Amritsar in 1919. Indian gained its independence from Britain on August 15, 1947 and Gandhi was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu extremist who did not share the same beliefs as Gandhi ("Gandhi begins fast in protest of caste
scandals, several major political corruption. "HISTORY OF INDIA." A Parent's Guide to Internet Safety ::Indianchild.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2011. .
Despite their independence, Bangladesh continued to be fragmented with many political groups vying for power to overthrow the self-appointed leadership, President H.M. Ershad. Many of the parties sought to influence their people by employing “so-called opposition newspapers, which promote their political positions” (Lane, Distaefano, & Maznevski, 2006 p.144). This cooperation often resulted in strikes and demonstrations from student groups, unions, and supporters from the opposition.
Malik, Y. K. (1988). India: The Years of Indira Gandhi. The Netherlands: Brill Academic Pub .
India has never really had a strong sense of national identity until the time the Indian National Congress was formed in 1885. While this might not be the first sign of the increasing national identity the people of India are having, it is a strong indicator that it has reached major point. The last major step that India had to undergo in order to modernize is to become independent from British rule. There were many who attempted, in their own way, to move India forward to the path of independence from the British Empire, one of the more notable subjects was Mohandas K. Gandhi. Gandhi’s use of non-violent protest and skillful use of writing to persuade fellow Indian’s to joining his cause in acquiring independence for India. While the British rule was much better than that of the EIC, it still lacked the care and consciousness it should have for the people it governs. The British exploited the people of India with high taxes and using natural resources with unequal compensation. The exploitation was occurring with little given in return to the Indian people who mostly lived in poverty in comparison to Great Britain and those who directly benefit from their rule. India became restless around the beginning of the 20th century in which demands for an Independent India became increasingly regular. The culminating point of which independence was desired was when the