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Gender similarities and differences in education
Gender similarities and differences in education
Stereotypes about mothers society
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It is known that there are biological differences between males and females. This leads to the question of whether there are personality differences as well. There have been studies done to determine if there are also personality trait differences in temperament and cultures.
Studies have been performed to show gender differences in temperament. Else-Quest, Hyde, Goldsmith, and Van Hulle (2006) used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the gender differences in children from 3 months to 13 years across 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament. The three broad factors used to present the findings from the studies were identified by Shiner and Caspi (2003) as effortful control, negative affectivity, and surgency. The overall purpose of the study was to determine the magnitude of gender differences in dimensions of temperament and identify the modifiers that may be causing these gender differences.
The factor of effortful control is composed of attention regulations, inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity (Else-Quest et al., 2006). In relation to effortful control, the factor itself and nine other dimensions were examined. Else-Quest et al. (2006) states that “dimensions included distractibility and persistence from the behavioral style approach; attention from criterial approach; and attention focus, attention shifting, inhibitory control, interest, low-intensity pleasure, and perceptual sensitivity from the psychobiological approach” (page #). The gender differences in effortful control were very large (Else-Quest et al., 2006). Gender differences in attention, attention focus, and low-intensity pleasure were significant yet small (Else-Quest et al., 2006) Attention shifting and perceptual sensitivity displayed a sm...
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...ifferences depends on the context (Hyde 2005). It cannot be assumed that a gender difference is a social construct.
Works Cited
Costa, P. r., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(2), 322-331. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
Davies, A. C., & Shackelford, T. K. (2006). An evolutionary psychological perspective on gender similarities and differences. American Psychologist, 61(6), 640-641.
Else-Quest, N. M., Hyde, J., Goldsmith, H., & Van Hulle, C. A. (2006). Gender differences in temperament: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132(1), 33-72. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.33
Feingold, A. (1994). Gender differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 116(3), 429-456. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429
Levine, L. E., & Munsch, J. (2011). Temperament. In L. E. Levine, & J. Munsch, Child Development: An active Approach (pp. 342-343). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publishers.
In Margaret Matlin’s textbook The Psychology of Women, the first consistent theme discussed is in regards to gender differences. Contrary to popular belief, psychological gender differences are typically small and inconsistent. Throughout the text, there are numerous situations, examples, and statistical data to support these findings. One example is the lack of gender differences in cognitive abilities. Matlin (2012) states, “Unfortunately, however, when people who are not experts discuss gender comparisons in thinking, they almost always emphasize gender differences. Meanwhile, they ignore the substantial evidence for gender similarities” (143). When people who
Cervone, D., Pervin, L. A. (2008). Personality: Theory and research (10th Ed.). New York: Wiley.
Introduction The topic of gender differences must understandably be approached with caution in our modern world. Emotionally charged and fraught with ideas about political correctness, gender can be a difficult subject to address, particularly when discussed in correlation to behavior and social behavior. Throughout history, many people have strove to understand what makes men and women different. Until the modern era, this topic was generally left up to religious leaders and philosophers to discuss. However, with the acquisition of more specialized medical knowledge of human physiology and the advent of anthropology, we now know a great deal more about gender differences than at any other point in history.
Gender is a broad, multicultural issue (Hooks, 2000). The term has traditionally been used to understand the differences between men and women. Scharf (1995) indicated that gender should also be used to identify individual differences among men and women (as cited in Stewart and McDermott, 2004, p. 436). Benjamin (1995) however, feels that there
In “The Gender Blur: Where Does Biology End and Society Take Over?” Deborah Blum states that “gender roles of our culture reflect an underlying biology” (Blum 679). Maasik and Solomon argue that gender codes and behavior “are not the result of some sort of natural or biological destiny, but are instead politically motivated cultural constructions,” (620) raising the question whether gender behavior begins in culture or genetics. Although one may argue that gender roles begin in either nature or nurture, many believe that both culture and biology have an influence on the behavior.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
Schultz, D. P., & Schultz, S. E. (2013). Theories of personality (10th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Wadsworth.
The same concept was expressed by Edward O. Wilson (1992), father of sociobiology at Harvard University. According to him, females tend to be better equipped in characteristics like verbal and social skills, security needs and empathy than their counterpart. In the other, Males tend to be better in spatial ...
Matthews, G., Deary, I. J., & Whiteman, M. C. (2009). Personality traits. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Friedman, H. S., & Schustack, M. W. (2012). Personality: Classic theories and modern research (5th ed). Boston , MA, USA: Pearson
The Personality and how it is developed can be a vast topic considering there is more than 7.6 billion people on Earth. A few of the “many different types of personalities are submissive vs. aggressive, introvert vs. extrovert, and negative vs. positive” (Sagolsem, 2011). A submissive personality and an aggressive personality are different because submissive
Personality takes many shapes and forms and is affected by many factors. My understanding of personality is simply a genetic and environmentally determined set of psychological traits that influence our reactions in the world around us. Genetic because our parents possess a certain set of psychological personality traits that we tend to have in common with them so therefore in my opinion there are heritable personality traits. Personality is environmental because we each have our own separate experiences in the world and these experiences help form our unique personality. Neo-Freudians such as Jung have given us a wide array of ideas of how they believe personality is developed and formatted. Jung in particular has a very interesting
There were between 68 and 75% of children profiles that did not change over consecutive time points. Only 72% stayed at their same profile at the first and fourth time point. Then finally 50% have lower stability across the year. So most children's profiles did not change over a course of a year. One reason is because as children grow older, their path of development is set and change is not as common. However there was change when it came to parenting. The typical profile related to more positive parenting, whereas the expressiveness profile was from less positive parenting and the fearful profile was a combination of less positive and negative parenting. So the more positive parenting the lower level of temperament characteristics there will be in your child. The study also looked to see if in fact if parenting was changed, would it change the level of temperament profile. It was found that an increase typical profile was because there was more positive than negative parenting. While with expressiveness and fearfulness profile, was because of a decrease in positive parenting. All the results in this study find that the more positive parenting involved that there can be changes in the child's temperament. But they need to be done early because the older child. the harder it will be to mold the
Reese, C. (2000). Biological Differences Establish Gender Roles. Male/female roles: opposing viewpoints (pp. 18-19). San Diego, Calif.: Greenhaven Press.