Yttrium is element 39 on the periodic table. Its atomic mass is 88.9059 and the complete electron configuration is 2-8-18-9-2. Although it is a transition metal, located in group 3 on the periodic table, it forms only one ion, with a +3 charge. Yttrium was discovered by Johan Gadolin in 1789 and is an iron gray color. In 1787, Carl Axel Arrhenius, who was an army lieutenant as well as a part-time chemist, found a heavy black rock near Ytterby, which is located in Sweden. He thought it had tungsten
Latin word fluere, which means “to flow”, because of its low melting point when compared to other rocks and elements Napione collected with raw samples of fluorite. It is a halide mineral comprised of calcium and fluoride (CaF2). Small amounts of yttrium and cerium have been known to act as replacements for the calcium. Fluorite is in the isometric crystal system in the hexoctahedral class 4⁄m 3 ̅ 2⁄m which means it has a relatively high symmetry. It is usually found in cubic habit, though it can
Laser commonly Known as Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser is a phenomena in which a very narrow or thin beam of intense electromagnetic radiation i.e. light is emitted. Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a welding technique or method used to join or link up pieces of metal with the help of a laser technology. The beam provides a concentrated/focused heat(infrared) source, allowing for narrow, deep, precise welds and high welding accuracy. The process is frequently/often used
second. Ytterbium was discovered by Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac, a Swiss chemist, in 1878 in Geneva Switerland. Named after Yterrby, a village in Sweden, it is one of nine elements discovered in the mineral yttria and one of four elements (yttrium, terbium, erbium, ytterbium) named after this town. Although other chemist such as Swiss chemists Lars Fredrik Nilson and Carl Gustaf Mosander, as well as, French
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy Introduction Radionuclide therapy is the use of ionizing radiations in the management of cancer. The primary goal of the therapy is to kill the cancerous cells completely or cause damage to the DNA of the tumor cells, thereby preventing these cells from undergoing further development, division, and growth (Bolus & Brady, 2011). Radionuclide therapy can have a curative effect if the target cancer cells are localized to a specific region of the body and have not spread
Lithium is used in many items we use daily, but it may not be the best for us to use (Wanger 202-206). Lithium’s effects can be sorted into the categories; political, economic, environmental, social, and technological. Of these the economic and environmental are the most important to understand. The environmental and economic effects can connect to social, political, and technological effects. We should stop using lithium batteries because the effects will add up and create problems for our society
Nuclear medicine has been used for more than 5 decades and has been very successful in diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases including brain tumors and many types of cancers. Molecular imaging is used in conjunction with nuclear medicine to provide images of the inside of your body on a molecular and cellular level, so that a diagnosis can be made as early as possible. Preparing a patient for a nuclear medical procedure, a radioactive tracer material (or radioactive dye) is either injected
Rare earth elements allow for the conveniences shared by modern society. It is the critical components that have made the advancements in technology possible. Its versatility expands thought different media that include: renewable energy, geographic information systems, national security, missile guidance, computer technology, hybrid vehicles, plastics, medical technology and more. All population throughout the world use it regardless if they know it or not. The mining and process of rare earths
Thorium is the nuclear fuel that should have been. Thorium has many advantages over uranium but was and most likely will never be used as a nuclear fuel source. There is only one primary reason thorium was never used as a nuclear fuel source - this reason is wartime politics. There are also reasons we aren’t going to make a switch anytime soon. These reasons include our lack of experience with Thorium, the amount of money it would take to convert uranium nuclear reactors to thorium (or build new
CO2 laser is the standard type of laser for the transoral endoscopic laryngeal surgeries. Diode laser devices have the advantage of being relatively less expensive, lighter in weight and smaller than most other medical lasers. They require less maintenance and can be portable. They have the advantage over the CO2 laser of being readily delivered through fibers allowing easy use with endoscope to reach subglottic and tracheal lesions when needed. 21,22,29-31,35,37,200 CO2 laser produces invisible
When we think of a company, we usually just think of the end product; for example, we think of the iPhone and Apple, HP laptops and Hewlett Packard, and Pepsi and Pepsi Inc. As consumers, we do not take into account the process that takes place to transform raw materials into finished goods. In terms of the Apple iPhone, we don’t think of the glass screen, the battery, the charger and the hundreds of different parts that make up the phone, we just see the end result. It is easy to lose sight of
Zirconia has three crystalline forms: monoclinic phase, tetragonal phase and cubic phase. Monoclinic phase exists in zirconia stable up to temperature 1170˚C. Above 1170˚C, the monoclinic phase transforms to tetragonal phase and further transform to cubic phase above 2370˚C. While cooling down below 1070˚C, tetragonal phase becomes unstable and start transformation of monoclinic phase. Thus tetragonal phase is hard to exist at the room temperature. As tetragonal phase has high toughness and high
Optical Communication Optical communication is defined as a communication in which light carries signal from one end to another. Optical communication depends on optical fibers to carry out the signals to the other end or to the destination. Optical communication has three building blocks transmitter, receiver and medium. Optical fibers are used as transmission medium. Advantages of Optical communication/Optical fiber: • Optical Fiber Cables can run long distance like 40KM, without repeating. For
made from some pure elements, such as mercury and lanthanum, and some allotropes of carbon, such as graphite. [4] Some alloys such as Niobium-titanium [5] also have superconducting properties. Ceramics can be used as superconductors as well, such as yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) family. 2.2 Sorted by The Meissner Effect : Type-I Superconductors: [8] Type-I superconductors all show the similar magnetization curve in a magnetic field, as shown in figure 1: ... ... middle of paper ... ...e amount
Topic: What are treatment options for different liver disease? Introduction Liver is the most important vascular organ of the body and second largest part of the body after skin. Liver performs various functions of the body such as detoxification, manufacturing of blood cells, bile, hormones, albumin, repair damage cell, combating infection and storage of iron, vitamins and fats. Therefore liver should be free from any injuries and fats because excessive consumption of alcohol, obesity and diabetes
1.5 Classification of magnetic materials The wide variety of magnetic materials can be sharply divided into three groups: Soft magnetic materials (easy to magnetize and demagnetize) Hard magnetic materials (hard to magnetize and demagnetize) Semi-hard magnetic materials The soft magnetic materials have the characteristic feature of high permeability, and it is chiefly this flux-multiplying power of magnetically soft materials that fits them for their job in machines and devices. Hard magnetic
The periodic table was the most important development in the field of chemistry. Do you agree? The periodic table was the most important development in the field of chemistry and is the most important chemistry reference there is. The periodic table played a crucial part in the development in the field of chemistry as it allowed for a way of organising the elements so that it was possible to make predictions about both their chemical and physical properties based on the elements’ position in the
Infrastructure refers to the rudimentary organizational and physical assemblies required for a society or even an enterprise to operate. Infrastructure also ensures the availability of facilities and services that are necessary for economies to work perfectly. Logistic infrastructures are important for any country and may lead to slower or faster rates of growth in the country. Transportation infrastructures are important in measuring the internal development of the country. Roads - railway system
Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas which combines directly with nearly all elements. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odour, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. It is not found in a free state in nature, but is found commonly as NaCl (solid or seawater). Table: basic information about and classifications of chlorine. • Name:
Mechanical Energy →Electrical Energy Chemical Energy → Fuel Cell →Electrical Energy Comparison between Different Types of Fuel Cells: PAFC PEM MCFC SOFC Electrolyte Ortho Phosphoric acid Sulfonic acid in Polymer Mixture of Carbonates(Li and k) Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia Fuel Hydrogel Hydrogel Hydrogel/CO Hydrogel/Natural gas/Synthetic gas Operating Temperature 180-210°C 80-100°C 600-700°C 650-1000°C Efficiency... ... middle of paper ... ...efficiencies of 70% are possible nowadays, along