Microburst and wind shear avoidance As we all know, safety is fundamental to the aviation industry. There are many factors will cause dangerous to flights, such as human factors, problem of aircraft structures and so on. Flight safety has many challenges. Due to the climate variability and suddenness, meteorology has become a severe problem in aviation. Many air crashes are in the result of bad weather. In generally speaking, there are several weather phenomenon have much influence on flights, like
extends downward from a cumulonimbus cloud” as Tarbuck and Lutgens (2012) explain. Tornadoes form from wind shears. Wind shears form from warm air that is found at ground level; when it’s raised, the updraft meets a down draft of cooler air that is moved in the opposite direction of the warm air. When both are pushed towards the Earth, this creates wind shear. A spinning tube of air, created from wind shear; tilts upward into a vertical position, as the updraft sucks up moisture from the ground and into
On August 2, 1985, Delta Air Lines (Delta) flight 191 was a regularly scheduled passenger flight between Fort Lauderdale, Florida, and Los Angeles, California, with an enroute stop at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Texas (DFW Airport). Flight 191, a Lockheed L-1011-385-1 airplane, departed Fort Lauderdale on an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan with 152 passengers and a crew of 11 on board at 1510 eastern daylight time. The DFW Airport terminal weather forecast contained in
Thunderstorm Introduction According to Harding (2011), thunderstorms is dangerous and it has the capabilities to produce severe uneven movement within area of air, low level wind shear, low ceiling and visibility, hails and lightning. Thunderstorm is convection is developed based on three fundamental atmospheric conditions; warm humid air, a steep vertical temperature gradient where colder air over moist air and an updraft that makes water vapor turns into water droplets which makes the clouds
5.1 Introduction Structurally, the Salt Range is the result of tectonic forces imposed during the lateral phases of the Himalayan orogeny in the late Cenozoic time; the occurrence of the thick, incompetent Salt Range formation at the base of the sedimentary sequence has strongly influenced the structure. 5.2 GENERAL STRUCTURES OF THE PAIL-BAHDRAR AREA Structural features were essentially the result of gravitative flow process (a tectonic diaprisim) involving the subsurface flow of highly incompetent
Writing 1 I begin my hike in comfortable clothes, a camelbak, flashlight and my ticket to view the caves. The first thing I see is the large rockslide above the visitor’s center. The rockslide is called talus slop. A talus slope describes a type of rockslide that is a loose debris piles. Talus slopes have mild to moderate rockslides as rocks slide down the pile. I was surprised when one such rock hit my head dead center. Facing the American Fork Canyon in the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, USA I see
swirling mass of wind that only scares the bejeezus out of you or leaves destruction on its wake. What is a tornado? Also known as twisters, cyclone and funnel, a tornado is a tube of air that touches both the ground and clouds and spins rapidly. For a vortex of wind to be called a tornado, it must touch the ground. How is a tornado formed? Tornado formation follows several steps and involves different factors. It starts with large thunderstorms that happens in cumulonimbus cloud. When wind direction and
light years and resulted in making it stronger due to the gravitational pull. In the case when the giant cloud met up at any specific point the gravitational pull increases making the wind to move according to the rule of angular momentum,. These fast moving strong tornados and vertical columns of fast moving winds and are highly destructive and powerful. (Brian Cox, 2013) Analogy (comparison or correlation) According to Cox the explosive depth of the clouds that remained unchanged after traveling
Tornadoes largely hit the United States, and the media is fast to rule the leading causes. The media attribute the intensity and number of the tornadoes to the existing "clash of the air masses". They hold to this theory without enough evidence on the main causes of the tornadoes as well as establishing the leading causes of these tornadoes. The media mainly argues that there is a clash between the cold polar air and the warm tropical air. According to the author, the argument presented by the media
Area of the Long Point Fault The Long Point Fault is located in Harris County, which covers 83,450 square miles located with in Houston, Teaxas City Limits. Research specifies that there are three sections of the Long Point fault that appear to be active; some sections of the Long Point fault have averaged more than 2 cm per year of vertical offset over the last 20 years. Evidence of the faults concludes it is a natural fault. The reason for activity is not caused by man, even though man’s activities
Capacity Design Philosophy for Earthquake Resistance 11 9.1. General Approach 11 9.2. The Implications of Capacity Design 12 10. Earthquake Resistant Structural Systems 12 10.1. Moment Resisting Frames: 12 10.2. Shear Walls 13 10.3. Braced Frames 13 11. The Importance & Implications of Structural Regularity 13 11.1. General 13 11.2. Vertical Regularity 14 11.3. Horizontal Regularity. 14 11.4. Floor Diaphragms 14
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This
calmest aspect of a hurricane because there are no high, damaging winds. In fact, the winds speeds are around 15mph. The eye is generally 20 to 40 miles across and is an important indicator about the formation of a hurricane because it is generally the most prominent aspect of a hurricane on radar and satellite images. In contrast, the eyewall is most dangerous part of a hurricane since it contains the heaviest rains and strongest winds. It is made of convective thunderstorms that form a “ring” around
updraft and the larger-scale horizontal wind. Within tornadic supercell, the horizontal wind exhibits strong vertical shear in both speed and direction, that is, wind strengths and veers with altitude, from south or southeast at the surface to southwest or west aloft. Tornado development requires a special mixture of atmospheric conditions and terrain, so tornados are most frequent in spring over the central United States. Threats of tornados are extremely high winds a powerful updraft, lesser vortices
the Caribbean, devastating islands like Barbuda and St. Martin on September 6, where it struck with Category 5 winds that at times reached up to 185 mph. More than two dozen people perished, and over 90 percent of the structures were razed to the ground. Images released by NASA’s Earth Observatory show the once lush green islands appearing brown and barren, possibly because the high winds stripped them of all vegetation.But Irma was just getting started. After grazing Cuba and Puerto Rico, the hurricane
1. No, the “Environmental Change” entry on Wikipedia does not provide a complete and accurate definition of Environmental Change. It is a very broad definition of it. This entry does include further articles to read but Environmental Change itself could be elaborated on. 2. Environmental Change Environmental change is how the environment corrects itself after a perturbation and amplifier have pushed an environment over the threshold and has changed it from its original state. There are four main
The strongest winds on this planet occur inside the tornadoes. Not all whirlpools in the atmosphere are tornadoes. A funnel cloud that drops for a period of time out of the clouds overhead, or a “dust devil” pirouetting across desert sands under clear skies, are not tornadoes. The definition of a tornado involves a vortex extending from a thunderstorm and touching the ground. In tornado construction, the wind speed, humidity, temperature, and pressure arrange an unusually violent event that is
Motivation for Research and Objectives Louisiana contains approximately 40% of the coastal wetlands of the lower forty-eight states. Louisiana has lost up to forty square miles of marsh per year for several decades (accounting for 80% of the nation’s annual coastal wetland loss) (lacoast.gov). From a hydrologic standpoint, the wetlands replenish aquifers, hold excess floodwaters from intense rainfalls, and provide storm surge protection. The Nation also benefits from Louisiana’s coastal lands
3. Types of autofrettage Autofrettage introduces compressive hoop stresses in the region surrounding the internal diameter, to reduce the magnitude of the hoop stresses developed there when the tube is pressurized. This may be accomplished in one of two ways, as described in sub-sections 3.1 and 3.2. 3.1 Hydraulic Autofrettage Hydraulic autofrettage involves the application of hydrostatic pressure to the internal diameter of the tube. The stress produced due to the hydraulic pressure should exceed
the three equations of equilibrium. 2: Hooke’s Law, Poisson’s Ratio and Modulus of rigidity. Hooke’s law, Poisson’s ratio and shear modulus (modulus of rigidity) all share a common bond. They are considered to be individually the same for a specific material. hooke’s law is formulated as F=kx; Poisson’s ratio is formulated as = (lateral strain / axial strain) and shear modulus is formulated as G= E/(2(1+" " )). 3: polar moment of inertia and angle of twist. Determinate systems: (ISO-STATIC)