Waterford Crystal Waterford Glass was started by two brothers, George and William Penrose, in 1783. It was the most notable of all Irish crystal companies. In 1799, the Penrose brothers sold Waterford Glass to the Gatchell family. The crystal industry was prosperous until 1825. Irish glass manufacturers began to slowly close due to high export duties, the economic depression, and a lack of capital. Waterford Glass was the last to close in 1851. It was reestablished nearly a century later
paintings and engravings that appear on the walls and ceilings of Cosquer cave (“Accessing Cosquer Cave”). The cave consists of several narrow tunnels, some of which are less than one meter high, and two main chambers that are covered with calcite crystals (Clottes 48). Throughout the cave are finger grooves, which the artists were able to carve into the weather-softened stone walls (Clottes 59). After recording proof of the discovery, Henri Cosquer informed the French Ministry of Culture. They
a dive in 1985. Although he visited the cave several times after the initial discovery, he was unable to reach the main chamber until September of 1985. Upon discovering the main chamber, he noticed calcite draperies, submerged stalagmites and crystals of aragonite, but nothing else. It was not until 1991 that Cosquer finally alerted officials of his discovery (Jaobs “Grotto Cosquer”). This was prompted by his finding of the first painting in the cave, a stenciled hand done in red. After notifying
Evaluation of the Fractal Dimension of a Crystal Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of voltage and molarity changes on the fractal dimension of a Cu crystal formed by the re-dox reaction between Cu and CuSO4. Using the introductory information obtained from research, the fractal geometry of the Cu crystals was determined for each set of parameters. Through the analysis of data, it was determined that the fractal dimension is directly related to the voltage
frozen food occurs when temperature fluctuates during storage or transit, resulting in coarse texture. This technique is well suited to ice cream (Warren et al., 1992). Ice structuring proteins also find use in chilled and frozen meat, where large ice crystals may form intracellularly, resulting in drip and loss of nutrition during thawing. Since ice structuring proteins are located extracellularly in freeze-tolerant organism, these proteins can be added to food by physical means such as mixing, injection
(the solvent) by heating. A solution is made, this is the dissolved solute in solvent. The solution is left to cool down, and the temperature at which the solute crystallizes is recorded. 3. Put more 4g water in the test tube. This makes the crystals dissolve again. 4. Do these things more than 6 times. 5. Make a table of the result. 6. Draw a graph, using a line of best fit. Table of the results: Total grams of KClO3 g Total volume of distilled water cm3 Temperature at
The most basic form of an ice crystal is a hexagonal prism. This form occurs because certain surfaces of the crystal, the growth facets, grow very slowly. The reason these facets exist derives from the molecular structure of water, and how water molecules arrange themselves into a crystalline lattice. The hexagonal prism includes two hexagonal "basal" faces and six rectangular "prism" faces. Note that the hexagonal prism can be "plate-like" or "column-like", if the length along the c-axis is short
Recently, two probes were sent back and they made it to Mars. They landed on the South Polar Caps of Mars. That is where NASA plans to find water. After landing on Mars, the probes extracted water like crystals from the surface of Mars. They found that there was a small amount of water in the crystals, which means that there is a strong chance that life, was on Mars at one time. In a recent interview with Bruce Jakosky, Ph.D., Professor of Geologic and Planetary Sciences at the University of Colorado
is derived, dates back unknown thousands of years. It is thought to have originated in New Guinea, and was spread along routes to Southeast Asia and India. The process known for creating sugar, by pressing out the juice and then boiling it into crystals, was developed in India around 500 BC. In 510 BC, hungry soldiers of the Emperor Darius were near the river Indus, when they discovered some "reeds which produce honey without bees". Evidently this early contact with the Asian sources of sugar
Assessed Practical Titration Write-Up Equation: Na2CO3 + H2SO4 à Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O One mol of Na2CO3 reacts with one mol of H2SO4. Results: The weight of my sodium carbonate crystals was 2.67g and the results of the titrations are as follows: Rough 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Initial Reading 00.00 00.50 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 00.20 Final Reading 26.45 26.45 26.05 27.00 25.85 25.90 26.10 Titration 26.45 25
classified as a narcotic, it has the same painkiller effect as morphine but is only one-sixth to one-tenth as strong. Codeine occurs as a colorless or white crystals or as a white, crystalline powder and is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol. The phosphate and sulfate salts of codeine occur as white, needle- shaped crystals or white, crystalline powders. Why is it used? Codeine is most useful in the relief of mild to moderate pain. It is also used as a cough remedy because it suppresses
all because of one section of the book that captured my attention – the material science of chocolate making. For example, chocolate tempering. I didn’t know there was any such thing, but this book informed me that cocoa butter is a polymorphous crystal, and can set in six forms – For... ... middle of paper ... ...ly I could temper chocolate consistently! Then I will know I have mastered that part of the art, and can move on – to, say, learning about the properties of sweeteners. Because apparently
Shirley Jackson’s famous short story, “The Lottery,” was published in 1948 and remains to this day one of the most enduring and affecting American works in the literary canon. “The Lottery” tells the story of a farming community that holds a ritualistic lottery among its citizens each year. Although the text initially presents audiences with a close-knit community participating in a social event together on a special day, the shocking twist at the work’s end—with the death of the lottery’s “winner”
was obtained and placed in a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask along with 25 mL of water and 2.5 mL of conc. Sodium bisulfate soln. The solution was then placed in an ice bath to precipitate and then the solid product was filter in a Buchner funnel. These crystals were then re-dissolved minimum amount of hot solvent (heptane) and recrystallized. Once a dry product was obtained, a melting point was established (2,4-Dibromoanisol mp 55-58 C) and percent yield was established (52%). Results: Through a melting
of matter. Solids are more stable than liquids and gases. One type of solid is a Crystalline solid. The particles in a crystalline solid have a regular repeating pattern. The types of crystalline solids are metals, alloys, salts, valence crystals, molecular crystals, polymers, and plastics. Most elementscrystalize as metals. Some solids can also be frozen liquids. The atoms in a solid are tightly bonded which means it has a definiteshape. The second phase of matter is liquids. Liquids have no definite
0cm3 of deionised water was added to the boiling tube containing the potassium nitrate. This was done by using a burette. 3. The tube was then heated gently until the crystals were dissolved and then the heat source was removed. 4. The tubes were allowed to cool for safety reasons. The temperature at which the crystals were first appeared was noted. A dark card was used for this purpose. The results were recorded. 5. A further 25cm3 of distilled water was added and steps 3-4 were repeated
dissolved by the addition of about 1 litre, of ethanol, and heating to boiling point. The solution then must be cooled to room temperature with occasional stirring to effect crystallisation. The crystals are filtered out and will be found to contain laevo enantiomorph, which is the left of a pair of crystals that are a mirror image of each other. It is then recrystallised and the predominance of the l-enantiomorph is found to be increased and the process is repeated until no further change is effected
structure. Qualitative analysis is possible by comparing the XRD pattern of an unknown material to a library of known patterns. The three-dimensional structure of non-amorphous materials is defined by regular, repeating planes of atoms that form a crystal lattice. Working When a focused X-ray beam interacts with these planes of atoms, part of the beam is transmitted, part is absorbed by the sample, part is refracted and scattered, and part is diffracted. When an X-ray beam hits a sample and
Crystals have been used throughout history as adornments, for protection, divination or healing. The key to Crystals, by Sarah Bartlett discusses In 4000 B.C.E the ancient Sumerians believed that crystals were linked to planetary energy and that they reflected cosmic vibrations. Ancient Egyptians used crystals and gemstones for magical protection and to improve health. The color of the gems were particularly significant to the Egyptians. The red of jasper represented fire, life and blood; the green
Three Stages of Thunderstorm Formation The kind of thunderstorms that produce our summer rains are called ordinary thunderstorms, or air mass thunderstorms. They form when warm, humid air rises in an unstable atmosphere. Warm air cools down as it rises, and once it becomes colder than the air around it, it will begin to fall back down. In an unstable atmosphere, the temperature of the surrounding air decreases faster with height than the temperature of the rising warm air. This causes the warm