The chemical history of trinitrotoluene, other wise known as TNT, Trotyl, 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene, 2-Methyl-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene, and C7H5N3O6, was first made in 1863 by Joseph Wilbrand, a German chemist born in Gießen, or Giessen, on August 22, 1839 and died on June 22, 1906 (he was 66 and two months from turning 67). at the age of around 25. He had created TNT, or trinitrotoluene by putting toluene, which is C7H8, through the process of nitration. 130 mg/L TNT is soluble in water at 20˚C. The steam
was stronger than black powder and they called it nitroglycerin, which was developed in 1847. As nitroglycerin was unstable, it was replaced by nitrocellulose, a smokeless powdered dynamite and gelignite. In World War I saw the introduction of trinitrotoluene in naval shells. But in World War II it was seen as an extensive use of new explosives. In turn, these have largely been replaced by modern explosives such as C-4 , nitrate fuel oil mixtures and ammonium nitrate-base water gels now account for
Pyrotechnics are applied in many tasks in our world. Some of these are ejection seats for military aircraft, exploding dye capsules for banks, trail making, propellant for bullets, fire extinguishing, demolition, airbags for cars, mining, mountain carving, and even helping clean up the tragedy of the terrorist attacks on 9/11. Pyrotechnics have shaped the earth and country with many uses. The first explosive ever discovered was by old Asian alchemists, they were mixing certain chemicals for a
R.D.X. R.D.X. can be produced by the method given below. It is much easier to make in the home than all other high explosives, with the possible exception of ammonium nitrate. MATERIALS hexamine or methenamine 1000 ml beaker ice bath glass stirring rod thermometer funnel filter paper distilled water ammonium nitrate nitric acid (550 ml) blue litmus paper small ice bath 1) Place the beaker in the ice bath, (see page 15) and carefully pour 550 ml of concentrated nitric acid into the beaker.
manufacturing process (Gerdes 91). One of the first things that the scientists needed to do was determine what the plutonium and uranium 235 would do when the bomb was dropped (Bondi 494). The bomb used approximately 10,000 to 20,000 tons of trinitrotoluene, TNT (Gerdes 144). The plutonium and other high explosives were put ... ... middle of paper ... ...saved many lives and ended the war. With this clarification, most of the United States accepted his justification. The United States began to
it dissolves iodine, sulfur, oils, fats, resins, and phosgene. Toluene is important for many industrial uses, the hydrogenation (addition of hydrogen) of toluene yields methyl cyclohexane which is a solvent for waxes, oils, fats, and rubbers. Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is a component of several explosives. Monochlorotoluene is a widely used solvent for synthetic resins and rubbers. Saccharin and chloramine T are both derived from toluene synthesis. Toluene is a valuable chemical in many industries. Toluene
(ANFO) Explosive'}] The explosives manufactured using ammonium nitrate is used in the mining industry, and is also used in __improvised explosive devices (IED)__, which is a homemade bomb. __Amatol__ is an explosive material from a mixture of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and ammonium nitrate. Amatol was used in World War I and II, and also in various military weapons such as aircraft bombs and shells. !!Instant Cold Packs Have you ever had bruising, inflammation or swelling that you needed to tend to?
What is Nitric Acid? Whilst nitric acid has been known for a lot of time; its vicinity was first thought to have been recognized in the ninth century by an Arabian scientist and it has been alluded to by other ordinary names, for instance, 'water Fortis' and 'soul of nitre', in any case its 'move to reputation' began in the early periods of the twentieth Century. Nitric acid can be best delineated as the result of different compound reactions that create a dry dangerous and deadly mineral acid
Further Stabilizing to form an Aromatic Ring Structure 4: Expected Final Products, Meta, Ortho, and Para conformations Results and Discussion: This experiment needed to be performed slowly so as to not produce a powerful explosive known as 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene also known as TNT. This meant that a cooled sulfuric and nitric acid solution was added dropwise (~0.05 ml,) every two and half minutes. Crystals recovered from suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel were rinsed with cold water and methanol
Around 900,000 women became involved in making shells, guns and aircraft in factories for the British forces. These women were generally from a working class background as it was dangerous work. The shells had to be filled with TNT a substance (trinitrotoluene) which was used to make explosives. Although there were simple safety precautions taken like respirators and veils there were often cases of hair and skin turning yellow.
Nitrogen is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found in group 15 of the periodic table. Nitrogen is represented by the symbol, N, and has an atomic number of 7. This element was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Mr. Rutherford studied Edinburgh University where he began his research on this gas. It started with an experiment including a mouse in a small enclosed area, and from there concluded that the air being released by the mouse was what we know as Nitrogen. At room temperature this
At midnight on August 6, 1945, the crew of the Enola Gay got the orders to get ready for their mission. By 2:45 AM they were all packed, ready to go, and took off for their intended target (Black & Blashfield, 1993, p. 30). They flew through the darkness of the night sky for many hours. Dawn appeared and finally Enola Gay came close to their future objective. Then, around 7:24 AM, the pilot received a transmission from a weather aircraft, which had flown ahead of them, that there was hardly a
Nitric acid (HNO3) is used in the production of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) and other nitrate based fertilizers. It is also used as a starting material for many explosives, like TNT or trinitrotoluene (C7H5N3O6). Nitric acid (HNO3) is also crucial for the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, it is used to produce certain dyes, which are used as food coloring, in the textiles industry and even as indicators. Royal water or aqua regia (HNO3+3
The 1920’s were a period of time when WWI caused new women to rise, these kinds of woman were best known as flappers. They were known for taking risks, voting, their short hair, and fashion sense. These women had a good and bad effect on the United States. It affected who women were in the 1920's, it affected women's suffrage and women decided to become independent because of WWI. In the 1920’s, women were introduced to a new kind of trend. Before World War I, women were called Gibson girls. They
Conflict as a socio-political phenomenon is inherent in any society. He is one of the manifestations of the political process, method of resolving its contradictions. The important role of conflict marked already the ancients who asserted that the source of the movement of all things lies in the formation of opposites and their struggle. Conflict as a social phenomenon was first studied in the writings of Georg Simmel, G. Hegel, Marx, A. Smith, A. Tocqueville. Isolation of political conflicts in
Phytoremediation: Using Plants To Combat a Stressed Environment Plants have long been adapting the traits necessary to survive in a wide variety of stressful environments – including areas of high salinity, extreme heat, drought, and freezing temperatures - but now, using genetic modification, scientists have been able to expand the role that plants play in the environment. With the advent of transgenic biotechnology, plants can be enhanced with qualities that not only allow them to flourish