used to measure the optical density or refractive index of a substance. Refractive index is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or any other radiation is bent as it moves through a medium. It is the ratio of light’s velocity in a vacuum (n=1) to its velocity in the sample. The greater the increase in optical density or refractive index, the greater the speed of light is reduced in a solid, gas or solution. A refractometer measures the refractive index of liquids, gases and translucent solids
thicknesses, colors, and with patterns and designs or smooth. Glass may be produced in a manner that reduces or prevents shattering, resulting in small pieces rather than slivers or fine powder-like pieces (Saferstein, 2009). The density and refractive index of glass fragments can be used to determine if the fragments originated from a single source item, such as a broken window on a home, or from various items. The information, in conjunction with other evidence, can assist investigators in determining
Introduction: Key Concepts: Light as a form of electromagnetic radiation: Light can be classified as a form of electromagnetic radiation, which includes visible light. The ‘light’ commonly referred to in everyday life belongs in this category. The electromagnetic spectrum includes other types of radiation such as gamma rays, radio waves and cosmic rays, all of which possess distinct wavelengths, frequencies and energy levels. These forms of electromagnetic radiation are not visible to the human eye
optical techniques for observing a flow in a transparent medium. The basic apparatus consists of a light source and a recording plane onto which the shadow of the varying density field is projected. The technique is based on the variation in refractive index of the transparent media caused by density variation in the flow field. The experiment is carried out in the laboratory and density gradient is created by generating temperature gradient or any other means (diffusion of perfume). Though, shadowgraphy
waves, light waves, and ocean waves. Most all materials have a refractive index which dictates how waves would pass through or bounce off of them. For example, a pencil placed in a glass of water will look bent due to the natural refractive index of the water. However, if the water had a negative refractive index then the pencil would appear to bend back onto itself. Metamaterials allow objects to maintain a negative refractive index which bends the waves in ways other materials cannot. There are
with a change in the refractive index of the sensing layer can be used to determine the sensitivity of SPR sensor. The sensitivity of sensor is increasing if the shifts in resonance angle for a given refractive index change increase as shown in figure ggggg. The sensitivity of SPR sensor is defined as S_n=(δϴ_res)/(δn_s ) As for detection accuracy or SNR of an SPR sensor, it depends on how precisely and accurately the sensor can detect the resonance angle and the refractive index of sensing layer. If
the second material. This means there is a chance the photon exists within the restricted area, but it does not propagate there. The distance that the decaying, or evanescent, wave travels into the second medium is determined by the change in refractive index at the boundary. The evanescent wave will be changed if it interacts with a particle after crossing the boundary. This change in the wave can be observed by a change in the amount of light reflected back on the side of the first material.
parallel light rays passing through t... ... middle of paper ... ...e slide and the highest power objective lens is brought down until a "bridge" is created between the objective lens and cover slip. Immersion oil possesses a refractive index close to the refractive index of glass; allowing very little refraction of light rays. Resolution quality can be dramatically improved by the use of immersion oil as it increases the numerical aperture of the objective lens (microscope-microscope.org). Oil
Fiber Optics Assignment Many modern medical materials and equipment work on a principle which is beyond the capacity of human transducers. Comment and discuss the working principles of an endoscope, uteroscope or a rectoscope showing the illuminating path, the image path, transmission path and the liquid transfer or operating instrument ducts, showing the position of suitable valves. This will therefore explain how light travels through an optical fibre and show how such fibres are used in medicinal
atmosphere contains air, water and dust molecules that cause light rays from the sun to change direction as they pass through slightly different densities of air - this is known as refraction. The amount of refraction of light is dependent on the refractive index (a measure of how much a substance bends light, dependent on its density and the type of molecules) and the incident angle at which the light enters the substance. Denser substances such as water will bend the light more than a less dense substance
Investigating What Factors Affect Reflection Prediction: The angle of incidence is proportional to the angle of Refraction. Angle I Angle r 10 6 20 14 30 21 40 28 50 34 60 39 70 44 80 47 Results: Angle I Angle r 10 8 20 15 30 20 40 28 50 33 60 38 70 42 80 47 Averages of both results: Angle I ======= Angle r 10 7 20 14.5 30 20.5 40 28 50 33
Future Trends One day in the not-too-distant future, we will be living in an automated world that will make human life simpler. The Next-Generation home will be equipped in such a way that almost anything from lights to appliances will be control by telephone, infrared, voice, and remotely. The Next-Generation home will be wired to handle these simple tasks as well as controlling the thermostat on the heating/air system. Just by picking up a phone, you will be able to turn the exterior and interior
History Of all the pioneers of this industry, none stand out as the primary leader of discovery or development. This competitive environment was an integral part of this field's progress. Not all discoveries were harbored as proprietary. There was a great deal of information that flowed amongst the leading scientists developing this technology. Here are some of the key players and some of their contributions: Claude Chappe, French Engineer invented the Optical Telegraph, which used a series
electrical currents, while fiber optics transmit pulses of light produced by a LED or laser along optical fibers. Information is encoded by perceiving changes in energy in bo... ... middle of paper ... ...um bandwidth of 600 MHz over 100m while Graded Index cable can offer us 1000 Mhz over 100m. Different countries have different internet speed. Internet access improves each year in U. S. but still it has ranked 11th (according to Forbes.com) among other fast internet access countries. This is evaluated
Observation – Magnifying glasses are normally made of convex lenses. A convex lens is thin on the outer edges and are thicker in the center. They bend light inwards towards a focal point. They can be used to make objects appear larger than they actually are. This is accomplished by placing the lens close to the object or item. In this way, the light rays are bent towards the center of the lens creating a focal point. When the bent rays hit the retina, it will make the object appear larger than it
medium, it bends towards the normal (refracts). You can work out the refractive index of by dividing the sine of the incidence angle by the sine of the angle of refraction and then working out the ratio of the two. Sine i Sine r From this refractive index you can work out the speed of light through the chosen medium by dividing the speed of light through air by the refractive index. 300,000,000 Refractive index Experiment: Apparatus list: Ray box Power pack Perspex
Investigating Refraction Aim: Find the critical angle and refractive index for plastic using a graphical treatment for my results. Introduction: The Refractive Index is how the much a material bends the light. In this experiment I will be looking at the how much the angle of incidence gets refracted and I will multiply my results by sine. I will plot a graph from my results and, using a line of best fit, I will calculate the size of the angle of incidence in order for the refracted angle
been given its own symbol: c. The speed of light in any other material we denote with v. The ratio of the two is defined as the refractive index, symbol: n. Equations Refractive Index Sin I Speed of light in Perspex =a constant = Speed of light in light in air Sin R [IMAGE][IMAGE] I could also use my graph to calculate the refractive index Apparatus * Ray Box * Perspex D-Block * Protractor paper * Pen/ Pencil * Ruler [IMAGE] Diagram [IMAGE]
unit cell or meta-atom and then binds these meta-atoms into a structure creating a metamaterial [1]. Such a metamaterial can have optical properties which can be adapted to a certain requirement. To make a Negative index metamaterial, NIM, the requirement is that the refractive index, n, should be negative. By building certain shapes of meta-atom the permeability, µ, and permittivity, ԑ, of the metamaterial can in theory be chosen. From a construction point of view there are two branches of metamaterials
between the two media. The amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the two media and is described quantitatively by Snell's Law. (Refer to diagram below) The index of refraction is defined as the speed of light in vacuum divided by the speed of light in the medium. In this experiment, the index of refraction for the perspex is 1.50. Snell's Law relates the indices of refraction of the two media to the directions of propagation in terms of the angles to the normal. It