alone or in combination with ciprofloxacin significantly reduced the infection till 135 days post-infection (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). In addition, doxycycline was more effective than ofloxacin 135 days post-infection (p<0.05). However, quinolone-doxycycline treatment revealed significant additive effect because they reduced the splenic CFU from the day 45 post-infection, whereas, the treatment with doxycycline alone reduced the splenic CFU from the day 90 post-infection. Keywords: Antibiotic
Klebsiella Pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumonia is a gram-negative, encapsulated, lactose-fermenting, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, urease positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is in the Enterobacteriaceae family (Tufts University, n.d.). Klebsiella is typically found in the nose or mouth, gastrointestinal tract (CDC, 2012). Klebsiella pneumonia was first discovered in 1882 as a pathogen that caused pneumonia (). Klebsiella can cause various types of health-related infections in the
(Tetracycline) • Calcium Channel blocker (Verapamil, nifedipine) Classification based on therapeutic use • Classification based on mode of action is done by Physicians & Pharmacologists. • Antimicrobials/Antibacterials (Penicillin, Streptomycin, Quinolones, Macrolides). • Antihypertensive (Clonidine, hydralazine, Enalpril). • Antidiarrheals (Lopramide, Kaoline). • Antiemetics (Domperidone, Meclizine and Metoclopramide). Classification based on physiological system • Sympathomimetics (Adrenaline, Noradrenaline)
The cause of acute, persistent, or relapsing clinical infections is often due to multidrug resistance and/or antibiotic tolerance. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a widespread, opportunistic, gram-negative, bacterial pathogen that readily develops multidrug resistance and is responsible for causing acute and persistent infections (Starkey et al, 2014). P. aeruginosa thrives in moist environments, primarily as waterborne and soil-borne organisms (Chen, 2015). It is found on medical equipment including catheters
Legionnaires’ disease is an infectious disease caused most often by the bacteria Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila). The disease resembles severe pneumonia. Legionnaires’ disease is sometimes called “Legion Fever.” It was first discovered in 1976 when there was a pneumonia outbreak among people attending a convention of the American Legion in Philidelphia. In January of 1977 the bacteria was discovered as the causative agent of the outbreak. While outbreaks receive substantial media attention
ORIGINS OF MAGNESIUM Magnesium is found in large amounts throughout our bodies. We obtain it predominantly from dietary sources. We can also obtain magnesium in many other places since it is the seventh most prevalent element from our universe. The earth’s crust contains large amounts of this element and we can obtain it from the minerals dolomite and carnallite. It is, however, most commonly extracted from our ocean waters. “Every cubic kilometer of seawater contains about 1.3 billion kilograms
A.1. Statement of problem: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a nosocomial, gram-negative bacterium commonly associated with pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound and urinary tract infections [1,2,25]. These bacteria are capable of preventing desiccation allowing it to thrive before prolong periods on various wet or dry surfaces. As an opportunistic human pathogen, A. baumannii may colonize a patient without causing any infections or symptoms, especially in tracheostomy sites or open
In accordance with the World Health Organization, pneumonia still remains one of the main killers of children under the age of five, taking more than 1.1 million lives of boys and girls annually (WHO Pneumonia factsheet, 2013). Pneumonia is more prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It is well known that pneumonia is a disease of respiratory system that affects the alveoli, which are the constituent part of the lungs. Normally alveoli fill with air during the breath of a healthy person
The Beef with Meat Emily Dilber Grand Blanc High School Most of us do not think twice about the foods we pick up from the supermarket. Many Americans have a preconceived belief that the food being sold to us is safe, and withholds the highest standard of quality. Certainly, compared to many places in the world, this is true. But is the United States sincerely trying to carry out these standards, or have we begun to see a reverse in the health and safety of our food- and more explicitly
2-(2, 4-dichloro-5-fluoronenzoyl)-3-cyclopropylaminoacrylate.This results in removal (Michael addition) of the ethoxy group resulting in the enamine (19). Step 5: An intramolecular SNAr reaction of the enamine takes place resulting in a cyclised quinolone (20). This is formed in basic conditions using a base such as NaH or KH. Step 6: The ethyl ester on (20) is hydrolysed using concentrated sulphuric acid in a refluxing 1:1 acetic acid/water mixture. Step 7: SNAr displacement takes place of 6-fluro-7-chloroquinlone
Use of Panchgavya (term used to describe five major substances obtained from cow that include: cow's urine, milk, ghee, curd and dung) and its products is gaining popularity day-by-day. Panchgavya Therapy/Chikitsa (Cowpathy) has been proposed as an alternate prophylactic and therapeutic approach for sound livestock and poultry health along with safeguarding human health. Its antimicrobial properties have gained the attention of the medical and veterinary professionals. Copper is capable of destroying