Aspects of Photoelectric Effect with Different Metals and Lights Hypothesis: signs of photoelectric effect would be present as photoelectric effect is commonly intrinsic for metals Variables: independent: type of metal, type of light, light intensity, distance between light source and metal dependent: current magnitude controlled: temperature, pressure Apparatus and materials: zinc plates, copper plates, ultraviolet light, light bulbs, power source, ammeter, voltmeter
across the earth's surface every second, radiated by distant stars, and yet it has taken up until the mid 20th century for anyone to realize it. Finding neutrinos in your own backyard is easy. All you need is a ten-ton vat of pure water, 13000 photomultiplier tubes, and $11 million dollars in research funding. More on that later, but first, it would help to know a little more about what you're hunting. The neutrino is an elusive beast possessing neither mass nor charge. The only proof of its existence
Visit Report on the Queen Elizabeth Hospital Introduction For my visit on the applications of physics, I went to Queen Elizabethhospital on the 10th of November 2004. The Queen Elizabeth hospital operates the largest critical care unit in Europe, which is combining intensive therapy with high dependency units. The hospital situated in Selly Oak is a distance of one and a half miles from the SellyOakHospital between them there are approximately 5900+ employees. Queen Elizabeth Hospital
detector is a BGO (bismuth germinate oxide) crystal, a high-density scintillator. When it is combined with high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), the detection of 511 KeV gamma rays is possible. These BGO crystals are arranged into 64 distinct segments so that the scintillation light from each of the segments can be distributed onto the photocathodes of four photomultiplier tubes to be amplified. These “block detectors” are placed into modules of four arranged as eight columns of 32 rows of crystals
Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen, radiology has contributed substantially to the medical field. Today, X-rays are still considered to be one of the most important tools in diagnostic imaging. Further advancements in imaging have combined the use of nuclear science and radiography and is known as nuclear medicine. In 1946, nuclear medicine was introduced to the world in a form of an “atomic cocktail” (What is Nuclear Medicine, 2008). It played an important role in treating
“Willard Libby (a scientist who won the Nobel Prize inn Chemistry) developed radiocarbon dating as a method to measure radioactivity. Carbon-14 is a weakly radioactive isotope of Carbon; also known as radio carbon. Radiocarbon dating cannot be applied to metals, only to organic and selected inorganic materials. The three principal radiocarbon dating methods are: (1) gas proportional counting, (2) liquid scintillation counting and (3) accelerator mass spectrometry.” (Beta Analytic). Radiocarbon dating
Spectroscopy Spectroscopy is the study of energy levels in atoms or molecules, using absorbed or emitted electromagnetic radiation. There are many categories of spectroscopy eg. Atomic and infrared spectroscopy, which have numerous uses and are essential in the world of science. When investigating spectroscopy four parameters have to be considered; spectral range, spectral bandwidth, spectral sampling and signal-to-noise ratio, as they describe the capability of a spectrometer. In the world
Atomic Emission spectroscopy is a technique used in the determination and quantification of elements present with a chosen sample. The basic idea of this process it that first an atom is formed, and then it is excited then emitted. After the photon is emitted and energy is released knowing the energy released one can quantitatively and qualitatively determine the wavelength present and hence the concentration of the element. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry is one of the most
Sexual and Spiritual Freedom The key to humanities freedom lies in its religious and sexual paradigms. Religion, as a social control mechanism, has sought to limit mans sexual freedom. The stigma associated with sexual promiscuity permeates every level of our society. I believe that in time people will demand freedom in the sexual and spiritual aspects of their lives. In order for this to occur a paradigm must be established that emphasizes wholism. Without this wholistic thought conflict can still
The Hubble Telescope is the world’s first space-based optical telescope. The Hubble telescope received its name from American astronomer Dr. Edwin P. Hubble. Dr. Hubble confirmed an ever expanding universe which provided the basic foundation of the Big Bang theory. The first concept of the Hubble telescope came from Lyman Spitzer in 1946 who at that time was a professor and researcher at Yale University, Professor Spitzer believed that Earth’s atmosphere blurs and distorts light and a space orbited
3.2 Instrumentation: Instrumentation is the branch of engineering that deals with measurement and control. The instrument that is used for the determination of concentration of trace metals is AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The official definition of instrumentation- is a collection of instruments and their application for the purpose of observation, measurement and control [23]. An instrument is a device that measures or manipulates variables such as flow, absorbance
The book Refuting Evolution 2, by Dr. Jonathan D. Sarfati, exposes the false premise behind many evolutionary theories or hypothesis. Dr. Sarfati brings to light some of the problems with evolution and the manipulation of the humanistic world view. He tries to make the book understandable, so that Christians can talk about evolution versus creation and not be intimidated. Creation versus evolution is a battle of different faiths. Modern evolutionist desire for ever person to think of science as
1.2.2 High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC): HPLC is abbreviated as High Performance Liquid Chromatography or High Pressure Liquid Chromatography. In pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis HPLC has utmost feature that is for the development of the characteristic of the methodology since 25 years. During the process of discovery, development and manufacturing for the identification, qualification and quantification of drug analysis in active pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) or in the formulation
specificity of the assay for prion proteins will be determined. It is hypothesized that a chemiluminescent probe will react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) to produce an excited state (CLP-O) and hv. The light (hv) produced is detected with a photomultiplier. The assay will be evaluated using cell lines cultured in the presence and absence of siRNA. The siRNA acts as a construct that causes the inhibition of the PrPc expression in the PRNP gene. Further characterization of lymphocytes for protein
Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to analyze the efficacy and accuracy in determining mass composition of copper in a penny using two methods: atomic absorption spectroscopy and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The “Copper” Penny The penny is a common form of currency used in the United States, holding the monetary value of one cent. From 1793 to 1837 the penny was composed of pure copper. As the years passed, the percent composition of copper in the penny decreased. From 1837 to
Introduction: The instrument of fluorescence spectroscopy, also called as Fluorimetry or spectrofluorometry, is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a specimen. It includes using a beam of light, commonly ultraviolet light, that excites the electrons in molecules of specific compounds and causes them to emit light; usually, but not needful, visible light. A finished technique is absorption spectroscopy. Both fluorescence and phosphorescence are examples of photoluminescence
Creating a Vending Machine with Lego Mindstorm Abstract: Vending machines have come a long way, since their introduction to human society thousands of years ago. Although the basic concept of a vending machine has not changed, modern day technology has significantly enhanced them. Our vending machine is no different. Although our vending machine is not top of the line, it is also not such a bad one either. We started out with building the five main components of a vending machine: the dispenser
What exactly is Quark? Quark: a fermion which is believed to be one of the fundamental constituents of matter. All quarks have a fractional electric charge1. This pretty much means quarks have ½ spin (rotate two full rotations to get to place it started), apply to Pauli Exclusion Principle, is one of the things that make up all matter, and its electric charge is a fraction. There are three different colors of quark; red, green, and blue. The colors always up to white. Also there are three different
Why is a PET Scan Important? A PET scan is a very crucial medical and research tool that has revolutionized the administration of health care to the sick. This form of imaging will always show images of changing functional processes of the body before any other scan such as CT or MRI. This type of scan has been very useful to clinical oncologists who deal with mild to complicated brain conditions. This scan helps oncologists to map the behavior and functioning of the human brain while also registering