Microglia is an endogenous immunohomeostatic neuronal support cells in the Central nervous system (CNS) (Kettenmann et al., 2011). Microglial cells are responsible for surveying brain and spinal cord (invertebrates and vertebrates), in protection from pathogens and injury, phagocytosis, and cytotoxicity and immune homeostasis (Garden and Moller, 2006). Microglia’s homeostatic function achieves profound salubrious therapeutic state corollary for prophylaxis of neurological health in the central nervous
2013). Also, colonization of microglia in the developing brain almost concurs temporally with brain vascularisation, neuroepithelial-radial glia transformation, neuronal migration, and myelination. Recent advent of transgenic technology and pharmacology allowed the role of microglia during development and their correlation with neural development disorder to be investigated extensively. For instance, pharmacologically knockout or inactivation of embryonic microglia resulted in increases of neural
Alzheimer’s disease is the leading neurodegenerative disease in elderly adults. It affects more than 30 million people in the world (1). There are a few major markers behind Alzheimer’s disease. These include amyloid β plaque, oxidative stress, and inflammation. A potential target for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease are the processes involved in the synthesis, transport, and function of retinoids. Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives. They help to regulate differentiation and cell proliferation
pruning is primarily carried out by a very motile form of glial cell, called microglia [1], and pre-programmed cell death (apoptosis). These microglia are thought to remove cellular debris and perform surveillance during the healing process of an injured brain, but in the healthy, developing brain they have a possibly more important function. If a synapse receives little activity, it is weakened and eventually deleted by microglia and other glial cells through a process called long-term depotentiation
Aging is defined as a systemic limitations of human biology that is vulnerable to wear & tear, and diseases. Aging studies can be performed in two ways : cross sectional or longitudinal. A cross sectional study can allow a snapshot of entire life without taking the time. It usually comprises large samples. A limitation of these studies include cohort effects and secular trends. Cohort effect are the effects of being born at the same time, exposed to the same events in society, and influenced by the
In the world certain diseases can initiate many difficulties in person’s daily life. Forms of dementia, or gradual mental decline in an individual, comprise a core amount of these diseases. Around a century ago, a man named Alois Alzheimer first classified a distinct form of dementia that occurred in an individual near old age (“Alzheimer’s disease”). This individual was a fifty-one year old female named Auguste, and an autopsy of her brain approximately four years after her diagnosis revealed
Nearly 10% of all births are classified as preterm (1). Whilst improvements in medical care for preterm newborns have improved survival rates, prematurity still accounts for up to 70% of perinatal death and nearly 50% of poor chronic neurologic outcome and cerebral palsy (CP). CP is therefore the most common cause of chronic disability in children (2). In Australia, a baby is born with a brain injury that underlies CP every 15 hours. This condition is characterised by damage to the developing brain
[11] The blood-brain barrier breakdown has often been documented in patients with TBI which may also be used as a biomarker in the clinic and drug trials.[12] The blood-brain barrier ... ... middle of paper ... ...he activate local microglia.[63] Activated microglia can contribute to blood brain barrier opening.[64] Inflammation following blood brain barrier disruption after traumatic brain injury might be vital for the implementation of tissue repair and reorganization or even cell death.[65] Summary
Summary: Red wine is the one of the most common alcoholic drinks in many countries over the world. It contains the major polyphenol called Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) found mostly in skin of grapes that possess many health benefits. In nervous system, Resveratrol acts against Alzheimer’s disease as antioxidant. In circulatory system, Resveratrol acts as anti-atherogenic effect to improve lipid profiles. Immune system, Resveratrol acts as anti-inflammatory cytokines to suppress
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), more commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, is an adult onset neurodegenerative disease. It is characterized by the death of motor neurons in the motor cortex, brainstem, and spinal cord. 90% of all cases of ALS are sporadic with no familial history, while 10% of cases of ALS have familial history. 20% of cases of familial ALS cases are linked to mutations in the SOD1 gene. Currently, the pathogenesis of the disease is unknown. However, multiple studies show
Review: Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in people over the age of 50. Every ten years after the age of 50 the prevalence of this disease increases exponentially. Many different factors contribute to the development of AMD including genetic, environment, and metabolic functions. Aside from smoking, abnormal blood pressure, and an unhealthy diet low in fruits and vegetables, many more studies are concluding that similar inflammatory and oxidative processes
support the neurons of the Nervous system by holding them together. • Astrocytes- “star shaped”, wraps around the presynaptic terminal of functionally related axons, supports the blood brain barrier, provides nutrients, and repairs scar tissue • Microglia- act as part of the immune system, remove waste material and viruses and fungi from the brain • Oligodendrocyte- forms myelin sheath in the central nervous system cells, won’t repair damaged axons, exists in the CNS • Shwaan cells- form myelin sheath
Almost all animals have a nervous system. Neurons bundle together to form nerves. The purpose of the nervous system is to coordinate all activities of the body, and enables the body to respond and adapt to changes both inside and outside. The central nervous and the peripheral nervous systems are very similar but different at the same time. The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord and functions mainly to process information and determine the appropriate responses. The central nervous system
Parents today have many concerns for the well being of their child. One big apprehension is what vaccines are being introduced into their infant’s small bodies and the many adverse reactions they cause. In our current generation, infants are injected with up to 31 vaccines just in their first year of life (CDC, 2015). Life threatening diseases are prevented with such vaccines, but parents are often left to wonder, how many of these vaccines are even necessary. Many of the vaccines are given in combinations;
Addiction is a disease or choice People in this world knows addiction as a desire to do a certain action in order to receive the pleasure that comes from doing that action, but what they do not know is that addiction is a form of learning. The way addiction is a form of learning by that when an individual first does the action they can associate that action with the pleasure it gives. There is many types of addiction, such as drug addiction, food addiction and many more. Disease is where something
1. Introduction Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is on the rise among ageing populations worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease leads to the death of neurons in numerous areas of the brain, including the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, which are two areas of the brain correlated with memory. (5) According to the Alzheimer’s Association, the number of people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease could rise from 5 million to 16 million in the United States and by 2050 the total worldwide
INTRODUCTION The spinal cord is a major channel in the body where motor and sensory information travels from the brain to the body. It has white matter that surrounds a central gray matter. The gray matter is where most of the neuronal cells are located. Injury to the spinal cord will affect the conduction of information across any part of the spinal cord where the damage is located (Maynard et al., 1997). This will often result in permanent disability of a certain muscle or region of the body
Apologia A&P Study Guide Module 7 Define the following terms: 1) nerves Bundles of axons and their sheaths which extend from the CNS. 2) ganglia A structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies, typically linked by synapses, and often forming a swelling on a nerve fiber. 3) spinal nerves Nerves which originate from the spinal cord. 4) cranial nerves Nerves which originate from the brain. 5) afferent neurons Neurons which transmit action potentials from the sensory
glial cells are around neurons and give support for insulation between them. Glial cells are the most efficient cell types in the central nervous system. Types of glial cells include oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, Schwann cells, microglia, and satellite
Anatomy: General objectives: After completing the course the student will be able to: Explain each of the constituent parts of anatomical knowledge. Use appropriate terminology to describe different parts of the morphology of the human body. Based on anatomical knowledge, recognize the differences between normal and a vein. Use knowledge to interpret above normal physiology and pathophysiology. General contents: Overview: nomenclature, mapping, tissue, devices and systems. Histology. Overview