October 22, 2004 wasn’t a particularly special day for Andre Geim and his colleague Kostyz Novoselov. Previously, a student had tried to separate graphite into ten or even one hundred layers but only succeeded in obtaining a specimen of one thousand layers. Then Geim had the brilliant idea of using Scotch tape to peel off individual layers of graphite. Geim and Kostyz took pieces of tape and manually separated the graphite until one layer remained (Lucibella 2). After hours of work and several pieces
concerned about the enhancement of SC values. Insufficient attention was paid to capacitance degradations of metal oxide/hydroxide materials at high current densities [118]. Our group previously reported the utilization of lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) template in potentiostatic electrodeposition of Co(OH)2 which led to significant improvement in electrochemical performance [119]. Indium-tin oxide nanowire is known to possess excellent electrical properties and thermal stability [120, 121] which allows
Indium (In) This element was discovered by the Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter in 1863. These two scientists were looking for traces of Thallium in zinc ore samples. An indigo line in the samples spectrum was found, and no element known had this colour in them it revealed the existence of a new element which was called Indium due to the bright coloured line in its spectrum. Characteristics Atomic Mass: 114.818 Melting Point: 429.75 K (156.60 C) Boiling Point: 2345 K (2072 C) Density:
how to smelt ores and that copper and tin made the solid alloy, bronze. The Iron Age started at different times in different civilisations as the bronze age did. It is believed that the Iron age first started in the middle east in the 12th century BC however the Iron age did not fully reach Europe until the 8th century BC. The Bronze age preceeded the Iron age because Bronze is lower on the reactivity scale than Iron, meaning that it is easier to remove tin and copper, the metals which make up bronze
cells is Silicon, there are many more elements that are used in inorganic photovoltaic cells. There is monocrystalline, polycrystalline, amorphous, and microcrystalline Si, the III-V compounds and alloys, CdTe, and the chalcopyrite compound, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS). These photovoltaic cells are built for large scale power generations. All of these semiconductors have energy band gaps between 1.1-1.7 eV. The use of Crystalline Si cells have continued to increase, but the polycrystalline
1.3 Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (RFGD) Treatment A typical Radio Frequency Glow Discharge (RFGD) device consists of a chamber filled with dilute gas (e.g. Oxygen/ Air, Carbon Tetrafluoride or Argon), and a coil wrapped around the chamber that gives the voltage needed to excite the gas (Figure 1.3). The gas in the chamber ionizes (i.e. becoming a plasma) when the voltage hits the striking voltage and starts conducting electricity, causing it to glow. The color depends on the gas used. The RFGD
Chlorine is a greenish yellow gas which combines directly with nearly all elements. Chlorine is a respiratory irritant. The gas irritates the mucous membranes and the liquid burns the skin. As little as 3.5 ppm can be detected as an odour, and 1000 ppm is likely to be fatal after a few deep breaths. It was used as a war gas in 1915. It is not found in a free state in nature, but is found commonly as NaCl (solid or seawater). Table: basic information about and classifications of chlorine. • Name:
Introduction Graphene has received great mass media coverage since Geim and Novoselov published their foundlings about monocrystalline graphitic films in 2004, which won them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010. (Novoselov et al, 2004) It has been described as the wonder substance or super material by the mass media, not only because it is the thinnest material ever known and the strongest ever measured, but also due to its excellent electrical, thermal, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties