The protozoan commonly known as the “water bear” is an extremophile that has engaged many in the scientific community. The Tardigrade is an invertebrate that has eight legs and comes in many shapes and sizes. This group has many adaptations such as cryptobiosis that allows it to survive in extreme environments. The Tardigrade can be found from land, to water, to sulfur springs, and to over 25 species found in the frozen tundra of Antarctica (Miller et al, 2001). To understand these creatures this
Coral reefs are often thought of being “rainforests of the ocean” as they create a large diversity. A select type of coral control this diversity a symbiotic relationship with plankton. The distinct type of plankton are called zooxanthellae. This symbiotic relationship between hosts and partners that use photosynthesis, allow coral to skyrocket in seas where nutrients are poor and send calcium carbonate down to the bottom of the ocean in order to build reefs up in size (Toller et al. 2001). Coral
COULD HEAT THERAPY BE AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR SARCOPENIA? Introduction These days muscle pain and spasms have become the most common complaint of many working men and women. To avoid this pain most of them rely upon spa’s to lessen their pain. One of the main techniques used in the spa’s to reduce muscle pain is heat therapy. This nonpharmacological technique helps in reducing the muscle pain as it vasodilates the muscle causing the blood flow to increase at the site of inflammation or injury
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene is a naturally occurring gene from a bioluminescent jellyfish. The gene allows for objects and animals to glow in the dark when activated by the presence of the sugar arabinose in the pGLO plasmid. The GFP gene is often used as a marker for gene expression and genetic transformation. The pGLO plasmid is a genetically engineered plasmid used as a vector in biotechnology to generate genetically modified organisms(GMO). M. Chalfie et. al. (1994) explain that
Transformation is done on the cells to introduce a new DNA. In most cases, transformation is done on the bacterial cells by insertion of a target DNA containing plasmid, whereas, transfection is almost exclusively done on the mammalian cells to express protein from that target DNA containing plasmid. Here, transfection word came from the blending of two words, trans and infection. Therefore, in brief, a eukaryotic cell is infected by a foreign plasmid in the transfection method. 2. Give 2 reasons why
plasmid was the means of transformation in this experiment. The pGLO plasmid contains three core genes: the bla gene encoding for ampicillin resistance, the gfp gene encoding for the green fluorescent protein, and the araC gene which activates the gfp gene in the presence of arabinose. The CaCl2 – heat shock method was used to transform E. coli HB101. After plating the bacteria, the petri dishes containing LB as a nutrient were incubated for 24 hours in a 37°C incubator.
an endocarditis model, whereby amino acid transport genes were upregulated (66), this just may be reflected of the significantly different infection models. Many of the upregulated genes of S. aureus under diabetic conditions were associated with heat shock and cellular stress, an interesting observation given our host expression data, suggestive the infection site
operon. The indicated three proteins are subordinate on the start of transcription against an individual promoter that is reserved by a DNA protein named araC. The DNA code of the pGLO comprehension is designed to involve visible feature of the arabinose operon. Together the promoter and the araC gene are existing. Still, the genes, that code the arabinose breakdown, araB, A, and D, provide substitute by the individual gene that codes for the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). As a result, in the
Molecular chaperones, also known as heat shock proteins, are a set of highly conserved proteins which help to avoid the formation of misfolded proteins as well as the aggregation of newly synthesised unfolded proteins with other unfolded proteins within the cell (Hartl 1996). These misfolded/unfolded proteins usually have their hydrophobic residues at their surface as opposed to correctly folded proteins which have a hydrophobic core and hydrophilic residues at their surface. As a result, these surface
diagnosed with progeria. The patient’s average life expectancy is 13 years of age. However, some that are fortunate surpass this expectancy (Rathore). Progeria is in a group of rare genetic disorders, called laminopothies, which affects genes that encode proteins. Some diseases associated within this group are muscular dystrophy, lipodystrophy, leukodystrophy, diabetes and others. Malfunctioning of the arteries, or arteriosclerosis, is the leading cause of death in progeria. There are plenty of symptoms identified
Prion proteins are encoded by the Prnp gene, derived from the Prn gene family. This gene codes for a 254 amino acid protein, which, during posttranslational modification, is truncated to its wildtype 209 residue cellular prion protein (PrPC) form.1 PrPSc is the pathogenic form of PrPC, which primarily differs in secondary and tertiary structure. A protease resistant, 142 amino-acid pathogenic form, called PrP 27-30, is also sometimes derived from the cleaving of PrPSc.1 After posttranslational
Coral Bleaching: Potential Mechanisms and Observed Adaptations Coral reefs are the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems. Driving this diversity are cnidarian corals which are obligate mutualistic symbioses between coral animals and dinoflagellate algae of the genus symbiodinium. These algae are commonly called zooxanthellae. This symbiosis between heterotrophic hosts and photosynthetic symbionts allows coral to thrive in nutrient poor seas and deposit calcium carbonate to build reefs
In this experiment, the bacteria, E Coli, was transformed with the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP). To start, the bacteria was grown, harvested, and added to a tube with -DNA. Calcium chloride was also added to the tube to allow the cells to take up the DNA and become transformed. Half of this mixture was then placed into a tube with +DNA, which contains the Green Fluorescent Protein, and both were placed in an ice bath for 10 minutes. When time was up, the tubes were placed in 42℃ water for 90 seconds
Endospores Endospores are highly differentiated cells (unique from other cells) that are resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation.They are in the dormant stage of the bacterial life cycle but can rapidly convert back and forth between a vegetative cell (activation, germination, outgrowth). Endospores are present only in some gram-positive bacteria
E. coli or Escherichia coli is a prokaryotic cell found the in lower digestive track of mammals and other warm blooded animals. E. coli is an easy bacteria to work with as it doubles quickly and is relatively easy to grow; millions of cells can be grown in several hours (Biotechnology Learning Hub 2014). E. coli is an ideal bacterium in the lab because it does not require its temperature to be too hot, too cold, or too precise (Biotechnology Learning Hub 2014). A general warm temperature is perfect
Atherosclerosis, one of the leading causes of death in the country, is a condition in the arteries that is characterized by the deposition of plaque on the arterial walls. While the exact cause of atherosclerosis is unknown, it is a slow, complex disease that begins developing during childhood, and progresses faster with age.1 Certain factors such as smoking, obesity, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and increased concentrations of sugar in the blood (or diabetes), play a role in the development
ancestor, with Eubacteria and Archaea diverging 3.8 billion years ago and Archaea separating from Eukarya 2.8 billion years ago. This means that, despite their appearance, Archaea share more similarities with eukaryotes, such as 33 identical ribosomal proteins, than with bacteria. Since Woese’s research, Archaea have been divided into two main phyla, the Eutyarchota and Crenarchaeota, with the majority being extremophiles. This supports the hypothesis that Eubacteria and Archaea had a thermophilic common
resistance in prostate cancer is in demand (O’neill) (O’connell). A mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of drug resistant prostate cancer cell lines, parental and docetaxel-resistant, found that... ... middle of paper ... ...ere is potential in the proteins that have been identified to act as biomarkers for prostate cancer. In summary, future research in the field of biomarker discovery needs validation in regards to the use of cell lines as a model and the proteomic techniques used. For instance,
(Sigma-Aldrich 2018). Transformation is used in many applications including the synthesis of essential proteins needed in the human body and to clone DNA needed to continue the process. (SLH 2007). In this experiment, E. coli will undergo the transformation process to insert a plasmid (pGLO) coded with ampicillin resistance, the ability to process arabinose, and the ability to synthesis green fluorescent protein (GFP). Ampicillin is an antibiotic that acts as an inhibitor on the E. coli’s ability
are: • Pain • Redness • Swelling • Heat • Immobility (loss of use) Injury causes Tissue damage. Damaged tissue causes release of chemicals. Blood vessels dilate (This means more blood is able to be moved around the body as there is more room for blood to travel. We want to get blood to the injury.) Going through