Gondwana was the biggest continental crust unit on earth for more than two hundred million years. It took its shape at approximately 600 Ma during the Early Paleozoic, end of the Pan-African- Brasiliano orogeny and found to be in the southern hemisphere between at about the same time of formation (Trompette, 2000). Gondwana was built of almost all of the landmass, nowadays found in southern hemisphere containing Africa, Australia, Antarctica, South America, Madagascar, Arabian Peninsula and India
Evolution is the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth (Google). Scientists have many evidences to prove Evolution. One of these evidences is rock layers. Rock layers are beds of sedimentary rock, consisting of one type of matter, and can usually have fossils found in them. Rock layers are an evidence of evolution because they show the development of life through fossils, show how rock
Precambrian Era: The Precambrian Era is when the Earth formed. Earth was barley a spec of dust in outer space and as time went by it gathered ice, rock and more dust particles. It eventually formed into a big rock flying around in space. The Earth was extremely hot and so when it rained the rain would evaporate in mid air or immediately after it hit the ground. But even though it evaporated these great rains cooled the Earth eventually building up water in lower areas creating oceans. The Earths
the early years, long before humans roamed the earth, there was a protocontinent it’s name was Gondwana. And of course Gondwana wasn’t as huge or mass as Pangaea was, that’s because Gondwana wasn’t alone. In fact, there was another protocontinent known
About 320 million years ago, precursors of Pangea Laurussia (combined Scotland, Greenland, North America and Russia) and Gondwana ( which was the rest of the earth's land mass ) converged and made a Godzilla continent surrounded by the huge panthalassic ocean. The collisions of Laurussia and Gondwana raised a mountain belt, present-day remnants of which are the Appalachians along North America’s eastern coast and highlands in central Europe. By 135 million years ago (dang plate tectonics, you move
slightly north of the equator. The Iapetus Ocean separated these two masses on the south from the continent of Baltica. Avalonia (England, New England, and parts of Canada) was to the west of Baltica. England, Baltica, and Kazakhstan were separated from Gondwana by the Paleotethys Sea. At this time, Africa and South America were rotated almost 180° from their current location. The Panthalassic Ocean covered the Northern Hemisphere almost completely. The rate of seafloor spreading was minimal during
I. INTRODUCTION A significant portion of New England was formed as a result of an accretionary orogen. Southeastern New England is marked by a series of terranes that accreted onto the Laurentian supercontinent during the Silurian and Devonian. The Terranes of Gander, Nashoba, Avalon, and Meguma are present from west to east in eastern Massachusetts and all of are Gondwanan provenance. Their modern-day juxtaposition suggests that the marginal Gondwanan micro-continents collided sequentially from
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous rock, there are a large number of volcanic provinces across Southeast Australia that have been found to contain basaltic lava flows. It is likely that these flows have come from volcanic activity caused by mantle plumes from the mesosphere. A variety of dating methods have been used to date these basaltic rocks, which have been aged from the Jurassic era right up to the late Cenozoic. 1. Composition of Basalt Basalt is a commonly occurring igneous rock. More
Introduction: Anglesey is an island located to the North West of Wales. It is separated by a narrow stretch of tidally influenced water called the Menai Strait. Fig.1 Map showing Anglesey in relation to Ireland and England (Left) Anglesey in relation to Wales and England (Right). Images sourced & adapted from www.vacationstogo.com and news.bbc.co.uk The island of Anglesey, for such a small island, has a great diversity of rock types. To the average everyday person walking along the coast, you
geologists now believe his theory was accurate, and that about 200 million years ago, there was one large supercontinent called Pangaea, which in Greek means all land. They believe that Pangea broke into two land masses about 145 million years ago: Gondwana and
Abstract: Madagascar is considered the fourth largest island, with one of the world’s most diverse flora and fauna assemblages. This is due to the islands early split during the continental drift from Gondwana. The diverse, Malagasy forests are being destroyed from local deforestation, causing the flora and fauna to become endemic from the destruction and confinement done by human invasion. There are current conservation projects, however it is impossible to preserve all living species. Thus, priorities
Introduction The plate tectonic plays an important role in understanding many of the geological aspects and observations and it allows scientists to prevent disasters such as earthquakes and volcanoes. The Africa plate is an interested plate because it bounded with many difference major plates. This report will summery the general setting of the Africa plate with highlighting the most interested geological features in the first part. This including the type of plate boundaries and a brief history
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Location Numinbah Valley is an area and suburb approximately forty-eight kilometres south west of the Gold Coast, in south eastern Queensland, Australia. Numinbah Valley covers approximately 116 kilometres square¬¬. The area is in the south-east part of Queensland and is part of the Gold Coast Hinterland. Numinbah Valley is the upper catchment for the Tweed River. 1.2 Background. The Tweed Volcano in north-eastern New South Wales erupted 23 million years ago and
during the Devonian Period. During this period, the world's land was split between two supercontinents, Gondwana and Euramerica (Rice). These vast landmasses sat relatively close to each other in a single hemisphere, while a vast uninterrupted ocean covered the remainder of the globe. These two supercontinents were completely surrounded by numerous subduction zones. The subduction zone between Gondwana and Euramerica set a major collision in motion that would later bring the two continents together to
shallow continental shelves due to the formation of the super-continent Pangaea. Pangaea at the time of the Permian extinction extended from pole to pole. It was formed about 300,000 million years ago by the collision of Laurasia from the north and Gondwana from the south. The super ocean Panthalasa surrounded it. The theory of the formation of Pangaea and the mass extinction occurred over 250 million years ago. The Pangaea theory states that all present continents were once together and collectively
Anatolian is a region in Turkey where vast amount of tectonic activity which was followed by magmatism took place during the Cenozoic era. The Anatolian microplate is bound to the north by the Mediterranean Sea, to the east by the Red sea and, to the south by the Aegean Sea. Ophiolites and suture zones seperate different pieces of continental blocks that came together to form the Anatolian microplate (Altunkaynak et al. 2012). Chorowicz (1999) defines Anatolia as a product of the African and Eurasian
You probably think horseshoe crabs are crustaceans, but you’d be wrong. They actually aren’t crabs at all, and there’s more about the horseshoe crab that you wouldn’t believe. This weird-looking marine animal survived two mass extinctions and lived in the Ordovician Period. To begin with, the horseshoe crab, one the world’s oldest living creatures, are quite active. This fascinating crab has ten small walking legs under a strong, sturdy exoskeleton, a long spine in the abdomen, and a long pointy
Mother earth has gone through a lot of changes throughout its four and a half billion-year existence. Earth has seen many different climates and many different species. Because of these changes geologists have broken earths history into different time periods. One such time period was the Pennsylvanian time period. The Pennsylvanian time period is a subdivision of the Carboniferous period. The Pennsylvanian period saw the introduction of many different species that are still present today along with
Tyrannosaurus Rex The name says it all. This group of huge carnivores ruled the land during the Cretaceous period. Short but deep jaws, long hind limbs (legs), beady eyes, a long muscular tail, and tiny forelimbs (arms) make up a tyrannosaur. The Tyrannosauridae included such similar animals as Albertosaurus, Gorgosaurus, Daspletosaurus, Tarbosaurus, and of course Tyrannosaurus Rex. A tremendous skeleton of Rex now stands guard in the Valley Life Sciences Building in Washington. Tyrannosaurs belong
Jurassic Period, the supercontinent Pangaea split apart. Laurentia, the northern half, made up what would eventually form North America and Eurasia. The creation of these opened basins for the central Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The southern half, Gondwana, drifted into an eastern segment that now forms Antarctica, Madagascar, India, and Australia, and a western portion that forms the present Africa and South America. This rifting, along with generally warmer global temperatures, allowed for diversification