Cushing’s syndrome is a disorder resulting from a prolonged exposure to high levels of glucocorticoids. It is subdivided into two groups based on the cause of the hypercortisolism, either adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) -dependent or –independent.1 ACTH-independent is usually caused by the use of exogenous glucocorticoid therapy 2 or from autonomous cortisol secretion by the adrenal glands.1 The most common cause of endogenous ACTH-independent Cushing’s syndrome is caused by autonomous adrenal overproduction
physical and psychological stress the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is involved in the response. The HPA axis becomes activated when cortisol levels are increased, such as when stress levels increase (de Kloet, Joëls, & Holsboer, 2005). Glucocorticoid receptors (GCR) are affected by increased cortisol levels due to their high affinity to bind when the cortisol levels are intermediate to high. Furthermore the GCRs are involved in the termination of the stress response (de Kloet et al., 2005)
Cushing syndrome occurs when your body is exposed to high levels of the hormone cortisol for a long time. The most common cause of Cushing syndrome, sometimes called hypercortisolism, is the use of oral corticosteroid medication. The condition can also occur when your body makes too much cortisol. This can be caused by a variety of tumors cancerous and not; Ectopic ACTH Syndrome, Pituitary Adenomas, and Adrenal Tumors. Too much cortisol can cause many body symptoms including: a fatty hump between
“Disruption to the Circadian Rhythm Can Cause weight Gain, Study Says,” by Dr. Joseph Cafone discusses the possible link between weight gain and glucocorticoids taken as medication. Cortisol increases in the morning to help a person wake up, but in this study on mice, they observed the difference between chronic stress and varying peaks of glucocorticoids throughout the day. When comparing the content of the article to the original study, the information is accurate, but the information is written
(particularly glucocorticoids) which have a negative impact on the immune system when our bodies are exposed to them for a long period of time. However, when our immune system is exposed to particular stressors for a shorter period of time it may actually have a positive effect on our immune system and actually give it a “boost”. Stress in general has a major effect on our cytokines, natural killer cells and our T-lymphocytes, as they are most sensitive to the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoids. The Macrophage
What is Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia? Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) is an inherited condition that affects hormone production in the adrenal gland. The individual lacks enzymes to make cortisol, and hormones are instead are shifted away to make other hormones, specifically androgens. This results in the deficiency of cortisol and the abundance of testosterone. There are 2 types of CAH; classical and non-classical CAH. Classical CAH is the severe form of which there are 2 subtypes, salt-wasting
When diagnosed with hyponatremia treatment usually immediately begins. Treatment must be a restriction of both salt and water (Gheorghita et. al 2010). Hyponatremic patients must receive a slow increase in sodium with a restriction of liquids. Intravenous hypertonic saline solution of 3% NaCl can be administered to patients who have been diagnosed with hyponatremia. There is a precise formula that is used in determining the quantity of NaCl that is used in increasing sodemia and the rate at which
axis and to help relieve it of its desires. By using frequent stimulation, they note that the HPA will eventually promote the desire on appetite; moreover, cortisol will also stimulate the concept of food acting as a reward. The results expose glucocorticoids possessing a potential role in stimulating food intake and helping lead to obesity due to the system’s imbalance when conflicted with both the opioids and the stress. In a recent study, women were observed to analyze the relationship between
Cortef is a specific brand name drug used to treat conditions such as arthritis, blood/hormone/immune system disorders, skin and eye conditions, breathing problems, cancer, and severe allergies (WebMD, 2016). Cortef is also used to decrease the immune response to various diseases to reduce symptoms such as pain, swelling, and allergic-type reactions. It is therapeutically labeled as an anti-inflammatory and an immunosuppressant. Pharmacologically, it is categorized as a corticosteroid. Cortef works
1. Wax: Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency
inappropriately low production of glucocorticoids or an impaired response to cortisol in the systemic circulation. Molecular interactions, classified as either genomic or nongenomic pathways, may contribute to impaired cortisol response. The genomic pathways can affect the clinical interaction of cortisol with the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) via either transactivation or transrepression (4, 8). The GR plays an integral role in facilitating the activity of glucocorticoids, and GR-binding affinity has
The nervous system carries messages to and from the brain and spinal cord all over the body. It is a complex network of nerves and cells that can be split primarily into 2 sections; the central and peripheral nervous systems. The Central Nervous System (CNS) consists of the brain and the spinal chord. It is the control centre of the human body, information from all parts of the body is integrated and communicated to the CNS. The brain is the main controller of most bodily functions, including
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoids (GC) (Misiak et al., 2014). Glucocorticoids, like cortisol, are stress hormones and function multiple ways which include the inhibition of inflammatory response and also has an influence on cognitive functioning
For example, glucocorticoids are released in response to situations that are not normally regarded as stressful, including courtship, copulation and hunting. (Mostl & Palm) Selye noted that a principal characteristic of this response is an elevation in cortisol level. As
by suppression of NF-B activation by inhibiting IKK complex or by activation of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor PPAR-γ, a negative regulator of NF-B transcription2, 9. The profound anti-inflammatory potential of the widely used glucocorticoids is largely attributed to the inhibition of p65 induced transactivation of inflammatory genes10. Furthermore, targeting NF-B activation is one of the mechanisms of action of many currently approved biologics. The efficacies of anti-TNF-treatment11
I Won't Grow Up: The Causes of Psychogenic Dwarfism "All children, except one, grow up. They soon know that they will grow up, and the way Wendy knew was this. One day when she was two years old she was playing in a garden, and she plucked another flower and ran with it to her mother. I suppose she must have looked rather delightful, for Mrs. Darling put her hand to her heart and cried, "Oh, why can't you remain like this for ever!" This was all that passed between them on the subject, but henceforth
Treatment depends on signs and severity of disease. These treatments include artificial tears, surgery, glucocorticoids, immunomodulators and prisms. Artificial tears can be used for corneal exposure and associated dryness. In severe lid retraction, eyelid surgery can be considered. Orbital congestion and optic neuropathy can be treated by high dose glucocorticoids. Steroid-sparring agents and additional immunomodulators (cyclosporine, azathioprine) are also used. Sometimes, surgical
Modern Attachment Theory is in integration of Bowlby’s attachment Theory and neurobiology. This theory not only focuses on the attachment the child has with the parents but how that attachment can impact the development of brain. According to this theory, attachment is crucial to the development of the right brain, which is described as the neurobiological core of human unconsciousness. The right brain also controls neurobiological symptoms such as the processing of emption and self-regulation (Schore
Stress and memory We are used to think that stress has only negative effect on our productivity, health and cognitive functions and there could be no advantages of being stressed. But there are no just disadvantages of stress because there are 2 types of stress, which have different effect on our body and mental health: chronic stress and acute stress. Chronic stress is usually associated in our everyday life with “being stressed” and has negative influence, while acute stress might have both positive
Cognition is inexorably linked to brain structure and function, thus cognitive development is dependent on brain development. This section focuses on the physical mechanisms in which environmental stimuli due to poverty affects the structure and function of children’s brain development. Brain development is an incredibly complex process that starts just five weeks after conception and arguably doesn’t end until one’s middle to late twenties. Each structure of the brain, and the cognitive function