process, the laser beam is focused to a small spot using a lens and either the beam or the sample (or both) are moved around to produce the desired pattern. Generally this process uses a laser with a Gaussian beam profile. Because of the good beam quality and a low M2 factor, it allows the beam to be focused to a small spot using simple optical components and give the beam fluence at focus that is above the ablation threshold of the workpiece material. By controlling the beam movement over the surface
equation, the structure is indeterminate. Determinancy=Reactions-Equilibrium Statically determinate beam can be solved by the equilibrium equation consist of summation of horizontal force ∑fx=0, summation of vertical force ∑fy=0 and summation of moment ∑M at a point =0. One of the advantages of statically determinate beam is that it is easier to be analyzed. As one of the common statically simply supported beam with a pin support and a roller support, which results in three reactions- equilibrium = 0 hence
• The bend length - This is the length of the bend or curve, which is measured along the twisted axis. • The bend radius - This is the separation from the curve axis to the internal surface of the material, between the twist lines. Infrequently it is indicated as the internal bend radius. The external bend radius is equivalent to the internal bend radius in addition to the thickness of the sheet of the metal. • The bend angle - This is the point of angle where the bend occurs. It is estimated
1. Introduction In general, building design usually considers environmental or external loads that a building must have the strength to resist. These loads are gravity, wind and earthquake loads. Leading a high rise building to collapse, the key failure is the failure of transferring load from the building above the failure point to the foundation. There are numbers of reasons to cause the failure of load transfer, such as poor inspection before construction and foundation failure. In the past few
A bridge is a structure carrying a pathway, roadway or railway across the river, valley or any obstacle. The purpose is to connect two places. The 6 most common types of bridges in the world include : • Beam Bridges • Arch Bridges • Suspension Bridges • Cantilever Bridges • Truss Bridges • Cable-Stayed Bridges The designs of the bridges depend on the type of terrain they are built, the material used to construct it and the financial resources available for it. The oldest stone standing bridge in
Basically, windows and doors consist of two main components; frame and shutter. Frame is a structure composed of horizontal and vertical members which form an enclosure where shutters are fixed. Shutters can be defined as an openable part of door and window. Window is an essential element in building. It can be define as an opening in a wall that allow the flow of air and light into the building. This will help to ventilate the building naturally, thus maximizing the thermal comfort even without
Current Research Status Traffic hazard, coupled with aging and vulnerable infrastructure, pose the potential for damage and loss of resource. Precast prestressed concrete girder bridges appeared as a mean by which more efficient designs can be achieved. They offer many advantages such as the ease of construction and a relatively high durability. The prestressed girders are usually precast of site and transported for erection before pouring composite decks. As a result, full continuity between the
Academy of Engineering Sciences in Finland, Report No 24, 1972. 14. Määttänen, M. “On the flexural strength of brackish water ice by in-situ-tests” Marine Science Communications, 2(2), 125-138, 1976. 15. Soa T. “Numerical simulations of a sea ice beam in four-point bending” Master’s Thesis, Aalto University, Finland, 2011. 16. Anghileri, M., Castelletti, L-M. L, Invernizzi, F., Mascheroni, M. “A survey of numerical models for hail impact analysis using explicit finite element codes” International
3. TYPES OF DUMP TRUCKS: 3.1 Standard Dump Truck: Another kind of 8x4 dump truck three rear axles (two powered one lift). A standard dump truck is a truck chassis with a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised by a hydraulic ram mounted under the front of the dumper body between the frames, and the back of the bed is hinged at the back to the truck. The tailgate can be configured to swing on hinges or it can be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic rams lift the
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION A composite material is a non-uniform solid consisting of two or more different materials that are mechanically bonded together. Each of the various components retains its identity in the composite and maintains its characteristic structure and properties. Generally, the structure of a composite consists of two phases, matrix and reinforcement. The matrix is a continuous phase and the reinforcement is a discontinuous one. The duty of reinforcements is attaining strength of
performed to make an informed decision about which design is better suited for an Overhead Pedestrian Bridge. The bridge is to be constructed between Building 5A and Building 4 in Monash University Malaysia. The client has requested an alternative beam design for the bridge as opposed to the initial truss design. This report shows an overview of the calculations, plans and methods involved in designing the overhead pedestrian bridge. Table of Contents Introduction 4 Overview of the Bridge 4 Calculating
3. ANALYTICAL INVESTIGATION 3.1 Truss Configuration • Truss type : How truss • Span length:6.1m • Basic wind speeds:44 m/sec • Centre to centre distance span: 2m • Height of building : 5m The dimension details of the truss are given in table 1. Roof trusses are subjected to the following types of load: • The dead loads of roof trusses consists of weight of roof covering , weight of purlins, weight of festering and self weight of the trusses. • live load or imposed load IS 875-1987 (Part-2) recommends
Chapter-2 LITERATURE REVIEW Concrete behaves as a back bone to nations building team. Concrete is a composite construction material composed primarily of aggregate, cement, and water. There are many formulations, which provide varied properties. But one of the disadvantages with the conventional concrete is high self weight of concrete. This heavy weight will make it some extent uneconomical structural material. Many attempts made in the past to reduce the self weight to increase the efficiency
calculated directly from a set of equations as with crack width checks for RC. The transfer will govern the design, with decompression in service. It was found that eliminating small detachment of the tendons by using reinforcement in the top of the beam, resulted in savings. Another approach using strands near the top, but low enough that decompression requirement is achieved with a transfer, would limit the top stress
Masonry Structures Masonry is used to build masonry walls, which is a vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height that serves to enclose or divide a space and support other element. Masonry is one of oldest materials o construction. Masonry walls can be divided into two types walls based on the, their location. External Walls – Load Bearing Walls Load bearing walls are those exposed to the external environment on at least one side. Internal Walls - Non Load Bearing Walls This
The Collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge The Tacoma Narrows Bridge is perhaps the most notorious failure in the world of engineering. It collapsed on November 7, 1940 just months after its opening on July 1, 1940. It was designed by Leon Moisseiff and at its time it was the third largest suspension bridge in the world with a center span of over half a mile long. The bridge was very narrow and sleek giving it a look of grace, but this design made it very flexible in the wind. Nicknamed the
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis. The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This
loads. Beam type structures are widely used in many branches of civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering. The importance of moving mass is found in several applications in the field of transportation. Railway and highway bridges, suspension bridges, guide ways, crane runways, cableways, rails, roadways, runways, tunnels and pipelines are example of structural elements to be designed to support moving masses. Also, in the design of machining processes, many members can be modeled as beams acted
C16) are the key elements of the roof structure. The community court consists of nine trusses (T1 to T9) and out of these nine, five trusses were supported by the spine truss (T10) and the remaining trusses are supported by the framework of steel beams. These spine trusses supports an area of half of the event courts and one quarter half of the community courts2. The entire roof comprised of 0.55mm thick profiled metal sheet cladding supported on the cold formed steel purlins with two lines of purlin
five major categories, rods, beams ,columns, trusses, cable and arches .the structures are classified on the basis of how the forces i.e shear, compression, tension and bending are distributed in the members of the structures under major design loads. However any two or more of the basic structural types may be combined in a single structure, such as a building or a bridge in order to meet the structures functional requirements. Types of support structures Beam A beam is a simple design of a support