exist inside the nucleus of an atom? The uncertainty principle was better understood when I solved a problem on particle confinement. My interest towards applied physics grew stronger and stronger with time and later I took a decision to do Masters in physics with majors in Electronics. This was the time when I was able to set foundation in Electronics. My course included the core subjects of physics and Electronics both which was the best part of my degree. During my first year of Masters, My course
Photonic Band Gap Materials:  A little history behind Photonic Band Gap materials (PBG)? In 1987, an American physicist and engineer named Eli Yablonovitch and Canadian physics professor from the University of Toronto Canada, Sajeev John constructed artificial structures that then became the concept of PBG material. In order to evaluate this concept they created a 3D prototype diamond lattice in Plexiglas, which is a type of acrylic glass material. With this creation they were able
the analysis. It is very time consuming and costly process. Computational fluid dynamics, is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical methods and algorithms to solve and analyze problems that involve fluid flows. Computational fluid dynamics analysis is nothing but the simulation process which involves heat flow as well as fluid flow on the basis of computer. CFD technique is powerful tool to analyze the industrial and non-industrial application. Historically, methods were first developed to
mass transport. The computations are carried out in a 2D/3D axis symmetric model by the finite-element technique. The results indicate that thermal forces have a dramatic effect on the flow of silicon melt. The simulation results are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the theoretical approach. Kew words: Simulation and modeling; Thermal analysis; Navier-Stokes equations; Solar energy materials; Finite element analysis; 1. INTRODUCTION The unsustainable nature of fossil fuels as an energy
designs could be quickly verified. Indeed the fiberglass reinforcement did in fact prove to be stronger and it was a successful process. Moreover, new composites were made from fiberglass material and phenolic resin which the only resin available at the time. This was indeed a successful period for composite materials and more interest were attracted by many applications. Figure 1: Glass Fiber Reinforced plastic application worldwide (JEC group 2011). Figure 1 shows today’s composites marketplace which
Heat indulgence techniques are the prime concern to remove the waste heat produced by Electronic Devices, to keep them within permitted operating temperature limits. Heat indulgence techniques include heat sinks, fans for air cooling, and other forms of cooling such as liquid cooling. Heat produced by electronic devices and circuitry must be self-indulgent to improve reliability and prevent premature failure. Integrated circuits such as CPUs, chipset, graphic cards, and hard disk drives are susceptible
the types of algorithms used in the optimization phase. Previous studies on groundwater management generally used numerical tools like finite difference method (FDM) or finite element method (FEM) for simulating groundwater flow and transport processes and therefore struck by various shortcomings of these methods, like choice of appropriate boundary condition, domain discretization error, numerical stability, difficulty in representing the well location accurately, and difficulty in representing stream/rivers
line in an image. Manually extraction of the line information from an image can be very exhausting and time-consuming; especially there are many lines in the image. An automatic method is desirable, but it is not as trivial as edge detection since if any, one has to detect which edge points belongs to which line. The Hough-transform is more preferable to make this separation possible and is the method I have used in my program for line detection. In this project, issues regarding the Hough Transform
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION In thermodynamics Refrigeration is the major application area, in which the heat is transferred from a lower temperature region to a higher temperature region. The devices which produce refrigeration are known as Refrigerators and the cycle on which it operates are called refrigeration cycles. Vapour compression refrigeration cycle is the most regularly used refrigeration cycle in which the refrigerant is alternately vaporized and condensed and in the vapor
1.4.1. Image Digitization An image captured by a sensor is expressed as a continuous function f(x,y) of two co-ordinates in the plane. In Image digitization the function f(x,y) is sampled into a matrix with n columns and m rows. An integer value is assigns to each continuous sample in the image quantization. The continuous range of the image function f(x,y) is split into k intervals. When finer the sampling (i.e. the larger m and n) and quantization (the larger k) the better the approximation of
authors of an idea. They developed the principle of infinity and established a method to calculate the area and volume of some plane figures and solids. Archimedes used infinite series, calculated a tangent to the Archimedean spiral. However, no general methods were established. Mathematical analysis was formally developed in the 17th century during the scientific revolution when Leibniz published his first article “New method for the maximum and minimum” in 1684, discussing differentials of powers and
Abstract — Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) has been widely applied in fields including robot navigation, machine maintenance, marketing, Medical Diagnosis, and so on [1]. But its exact solution is inefficient in both space and time. This paper investigates Smooth Partially Observable Value Approximation (SPOVA) [2], which approximates belief values by a differentiable function and then use gradient descent to update belief values. This POMDP approximation algorithm is applied
The range of task environments that can be characterized by well - defined problems is vast. We can distinguish between so - called, toy problems, which are intended to illustrate or exercise various problem - solving methods, and so - called real - world problems, which tend to be more difficult and whose solutions people actually care about. In this section, we will give examples of both. By nature, toy problems can be given a concise, exact descri ption. This means that they can
... middle of paper ... ...d: Basil Blackwell, 1980); Abbau can be find Heidegger's Basic Problems of Phenomenology (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982); Verbindung is discussed mainly in "The Principle of Identity," in Identity and Difference (New York: Harper and Row, 1969, pp. 23-41); for Uberwindung see Heidegger's Nietzsche. (4) Nietzsche, vol. 4 p. 97. See Aristotle's words: "that which is called a substance most strictly, primarily, and most of all, is that which is neither
I. INTRODUCTION (HEADING 1) Digital signals have transformed the world today, and in few areas is it as prevalent as it is in the music industry. Today’s analog-to-digital converters allow us to accurately store the physical, analog phenomena of sound as digital data, with high fidelity and perfect reproduction quality [1]. Digital audio storage is far more practical than analog audio storage for both the consumer and the professional alike. Digital audio is not vulnerable to noise, unlike analog
society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and language. (A. Kouzlin, Ed.) (Revised.). The MIT Press. Weiss, R. S. (1995). Learning from strangers: The art and method of qualitative interview studies. Free Press. Winston Jr, R. B., & Sandor, J. A. (1984). Academic advising inventory. Athens, GA: Student Development Associates. Student Development Associates, Inc. Winston, R. B. (1984). Developmental Academic
The Ultimate of Reality: Reversible Causality Metaphysics is the search for an ultimate principle by which all real things and relations are ordered. It formulates fundamental statements about existence and change. A reversible (absolute) causality is thought to be the ultimate of reality. It is argued that a real (causal) process relating changes of any nature (physical, mental) and any sort (quantitative, qualitative, and substantial) reverses the order of its agency (action, influence, operation
Steganography is the art and science of writing hidden messages in such a way that no one, excluding the sender and deliberated recipient, suspects the message existence , a form of security through obscurity. Steganography techniques can be utilized to images, a video file or an audio file. Typically, steganography is written in characters including hash marking, but its usage within images is also usual. At any rate, steganography secures from pirating copyrighted materials as well as aiding in
day humans first realized the full potential of computers. Exactly what intelligence is, how it comes about, and how we test for it have become issues central to computer science and, more specifically, to artificial intelligence. In searching for a domain in which to study these issues, many scientists have selected the field of strategic games. Strategic games require what is generally understood to a high level of intelligence, and through these games, researchers hope to measure the full potential
On Feminism and Postmodernism It seems fitting that the 'marriage' of feminism and postmodernism is one fraught with both difference and argument. The fact that these disagreements occur within the realm of the intellectual undoubtedly puts a wry smile on the face of either party. While feminism and postmodernism share several characteristics, most notably the deconstruction of the masculinised western ideology, feminism chooses to place itself within the absolutism of the modernist movement