Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. The estrogen receptor is heavily targeted in breast cancer treatment because it is easy to inhibit has strong affinity for binding to many molecules mimicking the estrogen hormone - inducing cell proliferation in the breast and endometrium. Estrogen receptor drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positive
can create some analogs in GaussView, I am going to study and examine the structure of Tamoxifen to understand the chemistry that involves in this structure. For example, the bonds between molecules and the interactions between the drug and estrogen receptor complex site. After I design an analog of Tamoxifen, I will then use the Gaussian 03W program to optimize the analog. As for the last step in determining if an analog is a good candidate for a new designed drug, I am going to use a special
percentage of breast cancer is caused by the over expression of Estrogen receptor (ER). ER represents a viable and important pharmaceutical target against cancer. It is targeted by pharmaceutical agents for hormone replacement in menopausal women and reproductive cancers such as prostate cancer, uterine cancer and breast cancer [1]. ERs are classified into two types, ER alpha and ER beta which belongs to the super family of nuclear receptors. ER alpha and ER beta have similar but not identical structures
cancer, the most common cancer in women and the leading cause of cancer deaths among women 35-46 years of age. The Institute focuses on measuring exposures Cape women may have had during the past 40 years to more than 100 chemicals known to mimic estrogen, a know risk factor for the disease.
Atrazine, an herbicide is one the most toxic and sustaining pollutants in aquatic environment. It is detectable in surface water and in underground sources of drinking water. Many studies indicate that atrazine might be a potent endocrine-disrupting xenobiotic. There are limited studies have revealed that the effects of atrazine on sex steroids hormones, vitellogenin and induction of aromatase, gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index. In this study, juveniles Poecilia sphenops fish was exposed
patients who suffer from this disease have a disturbance in the proper ratio of androgen and estrogen levels. The normal ratio of the two hormones in plasma is approximately 100:1. "The etiology of gynecomastia in patients with a known documented cause appears to be related to increased estrogen stimulation, decreased testosterone levels, or some alteration of the estrogens and androgen so that the androgen-estrogen ratio is decreased"(Williams 373). From this information it was discovered that there is
(NMDA) receptor noncompetitive antagonists are appropriate compounds utilized in order to model schizophrenia based on the evidence that pharmacological agents that block the NMDA receptor calcium channel, such as phencyclidine (PCP), ketamine, and MK-801, produce positive and negative symptoms along with cognitive deficits in healthy volunteers, in addi... ... middle of paper ... ...osage after menopause (Seeman, 1983). Moreover, women have more severe psychotic symptoms when estrogen levels
1. Wax: Biological waxes are esters of long-chain (C14 to C36) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain (C16 to C30) alcohols. Their melting points (60 to 100 _C) are generally higher than those of triacylglycerols.In plankton, the free-floating microorganism sat the bottom of the food chain for marine animals, and waxes are the chief storage form of metabolic fuel. Waxes also serve a diversity of other functions related to their water-repellent properties and their firm consistency
women’s body slowly produces less of the two female hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the normal development of the female breast and uterus, controls the ovulation cycle, and affects women’s physical and emotional health, while progesterone controls menstruation and prepares the lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized egg. During perimenopause, the years prior to the onset of complete menopause, the levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate as the ovaries begin to shrink
of a walnut, and one ovary is located on each side of the uterus. One ovary produces one egg each month, and this process starts a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. The egg is enclosed in a sac called a follicle. An egg grows inside the ovary until estrogen signals the uterus to prepare itself for the egg. In turn, the lining of the uterus begins to thicken and prepare for implantation of a fertilized egg resulting in pregnancy. This cycle occurs each month and usually ends when the egg is not fertilized
women’s body slowly produces less of the two female hormones, estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen promotes the normal development of the female breast and uterus, controls the ovulation cycle, and affects women’s physical and emotional health, while progesterone controls menstruation and prepares the lining of the uterus to receive the fertilized egg. During perimenopause, the years prior to the onset of complete menopause, the levels of estrogen and progesterone fluctuate as the ovaries begin to shrink
· Menopause is the time in a woman’s life when the function of the ovaries ceases. The ovary, or female gonad, is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. · The process of menopause does not occur overnight, but rather is a gradual process. This so-called perimenopausal transition period is a different experience for each woman. · The average age of menopause onset is 51 years old. There is no single method to predict when a woman will experience menopause. · The age at which
According to the Oncology Nursing Society, “Breast cancer is the second most prevalent type of cancer in the world, with more than one million new cases of breast cancer diagnosed every year.” Breast cancer can arise from two components, the breast lobules or the ducts. The ducts are defined as milk passages that connect the lobules and the nipple. The lobule is the milk producing gland within the breast. Breast cancers may be located within the duct, or protrude through the duct wall. Breast cancer
What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that’s present in all cells of the body. It is naturally formed inside the body, but can also be taken in through the foods we eat. It does not mix with blood; it is carried in the blood by Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and by High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). The LDL (bad cholesterol) tends to build up and block the blood vessels carrying blood to the body. The HDL (good cholesterol) carries the cholesterol back to the liver for removal. We
carcinoma in Situ). She underwent a wide local excision and a sentinel lymph node biopsy. It revealed a 23mm mixed DCIS and ductal carcinoma with grade 2 histology and the sentinel lymph node was negative. The tumour was oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive and non-amplified for HER-2. There was no evidence of lymphovascular invasion. The patient has no family history of breast cancer. Management Statement and Radiation Treatment Prescription The common disease management options for breast
Breast Cancer: Support the Fight Numerous families here in the United States are affected by breast cancer each year. Some women are affected by this disease for the first time, while others have to re-live this experience. Whether the cancer has returned or is discovered for the first time, breast cancer patients, survivors, and their families, need continuous support. Being diagnosed with this disease is very overwhelming. More awareness should be brought to the fight against breast cancer because
The article on “Child Poverty and the Promise of Human Capacity: Childhood as a Foundation for Healthy Aging” by Wise 2016 is very effective because it has clearly pointed the relationship between childhood poverty and the negative health outcome and attitudes toward aging that extend later in adulthood. The article also mentions the name of different diseases that are likely to occur due to low social economic status. In addition, the article does not only point the negative health outcome, but
The nursing process is used for nurses to assist their patients need is vital for safe and appropriate care. The nursing process will be used to assist Maureen, which involves assessment, plan, implementation and evaluation (Crisp & Taylor, 2009, p. 257). Night sweats,mood swings, depression, weight gain, anxiety, loss of sleep, hot flashes and frequent trips to the bathroom are only some symptoms that women may experience in a significant change in their end of life of reproductive years known
Topic: Breast Cancer General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform the viewer about what breast cancer is and how someone gets this disease. Central Ideas (thesis): Understanding what breast cancer is and how someone gets this disease as well as the symptoms, diagnosis, stages and the treatment for this disease. INTRODUCTION Attention getter: Every 13 minutes one women will die in the U.S. from breast cancer which makes it the second top cause of death in women. Every 19 seconds there
Two years ago my mom was diagnosed with Breast Cancer. This was a very stressful time in her life because my sister's wedding was only two weeks away. Breast cancer can be very stressful for the family and the patient. Cancer deals with many different elements, and I am going to be telling you about three of them: first being the types of Breast Cancer, second being the treatment path, and lastly there recovery and reconstruction. There are many different types of breast cancer; I am going to tell