Emerita analoga. When comparing sand crabs to modern species in their physical makeup is less comparable, suggesting the need to change the structure through evolution unnecessary. Therefore the Malacostraca classification shows little change for the Decapoda- Hippidae Emerita analoga (Journal of Crustacean Biology, 2002); excluding however, their closely related family Hermit Crabs, Stone Crabs, and Pelagic Red Crabs. However, it should be noted sand crabs are not remotely related to the King Crab, Horseshoe
Blue swimming crabs are an important source of income for fishermen in the Malaysia, also known as ‘ketam bunga’ or ‘ketam renjong’ in the name of the local. The high price and increased demands in among community will cause the over-exploitation in production of blue swimming crabs. In 2003, total landings for P. pelagicus were approximately 175,000 tons and decrease to 165,000 tons in 2004 (FAO Fish Stat, 2009). This decline from over-exploitation has an impact in some Asian countries (Ikhwanuddin
1. Introduction Invertebrates are used in many disciplines in biomedical research, sometimes; invertebrate species are regarded as "replacement" alternatives for vertebrates (Office of Technology Assessment, 1986), presumably because they are thought to be less sentient than vertebrate species due to the fact that they have a less developed brain and nervous system. While invertebrates make up a vast number of animal species on earth, their welfare is overlooked, compared to the concern shown to