Introduction
As we all know, recently China is the fastest growing developing country in the world, under this situation; people in China are more concerned about the development of public awareness, which stand for the individual freedom thinking and civic consciousness. With prompting citizens to identify themselves with public linked together, in interaction with others, discussions, negotiations universality found consensus and common values is the process of public awareness, and at the same time, promote active citizenship into public sphere.
Public sphere, in rhetoric, a place for citizens to express their ideas and opinion, are becoming an important concept in China during 1990s. The concept of Public Sphere was originated during 18th century by German scholar Hannah Arendt, with analyzing of the human condition, the origins of totalitarianism and the plight of the modern constitutional issues in the public domain, thus Hannah Arendt opened the public sphere theory study of the regiment.
In 1961, German sociologist Jürgen Habermas credited this term in his book The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere – An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (1962; English translation, 1989) He states that:
“The bourgeois public sphere may be conceived above all as the sphere of private people come together as a public; they soon claimed the public sphere regulated from above against the public authorities themselves, to engage them in a debate over the general rules governing relations in the basically privatized but publicly relevant sphere of commodity exchange and social labor.” (Harbermas, 1989: p.216)
In simple terms, Habermas’s view of Public Sphere is more focus on those citizens who are under the condition of ...
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...ven the internet has monitor and most of the negative comments will not able to show up domestically, additionally, many website is blocked in mainland China, due to the society stability. Both of the reasons explain that public sphere does not exist in China; even we may have a rudiment of public sphere.
With the increasing commercialization of the mass media, allows the mass audience more choices than they used to have, but at the same time, those audiences are transformed from “culture consuming” to “culture debating”, without the critical thinking, the public sphere prototype face the collapse.
This paper concludes Habermas’s notion of public sphere can be applied into the country outside of Europe and North America, even the country is not capitalist. Also with all the analyzing from the history perspective, previously, China had the public sphere, but not now.
Indeed, as we also indicated above, according to Dewey the problem of publicity in modern society and the modern state lies less in need of bridging the gap between the one and the many as in showing the impractical effects of thinking according to the conceptual scheme of a gap. It is currently anathema, in other words, to think sacrificially of publicity, to think that a lively public arena can exist only when certain individual claims are sacrificed or, conversely, that individuality will thrive only at the expense of the greater public good.
Additionally, the satellite publics make efforts towards maintaining real group identities and developing free institutions capable of fostering its continued existence. These kinds of publics are only involved in the wider public discourses in instances when their interests, as well as the benefit of the other notable publics, crisscross, or in cases where practices come into collision with the other publics. The satellite public sphere objective, which materializes from the general and marginal publics, is not incorporation into other publics but to offer those inhabiting the satellite societies an option, and clear space to express their opinions (Michael
...he public is the dichotomy, which means that decisions are made without the political environment. As always, the disagreement for certain decisions made in the government will be present, but believe that the officials are working in a unison team to try to provide the best for all.
Wilson (1887) described the public in many words. To summarize, the public is either referred to as a tangible human in a community or intangible entity. The former would generally refer to the people of a particular geographic location, sovereign people, masters, authoritative critic, intelligent critics of government who are bold, alert and, inquisitive. Other terms used to depict the public would be the governed, a country, a society, the world. Wilson also described the public
Today in the 21st century, China communist party orders to reinforce the communist system, China communist party starts with the internet, education and entertainment to control citizen. Because so far in China has a lot of separatists want to separate China, for example: Tibetan separatists, Taiwan separatists and Xinjiang separatists, they are still trying to agitate China citizens to help them to separate China.
A structure in which the wealthy class, men specifically, maintain a political and ideological supremacy over all in society. The wealthy wanted to remain in charge and the only way that they could do this post feudalism was to sell the ideology that the working class could ultimately achieve the status of the wealthy. Silvia provides us with a great amount of empirical evidence to back her claims making her arguments extremely valid in nature. Such as her account of how many of the higher officials were facing social pressure so in return they counteracted this pressure with exploitation schemes of their own to clear their name and to make everyone happy for the time being. The people who in fact did remain happy were the bourgeois. Although Silvia does provide us with some theoretical content, it is with empirical content that she is able to present her argument from the women’s perspective at an effective
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In China, the reason for restricting freedom of speech is to protect their current political regime. The size of China is over 9700 km, and the population is over 14 trillion. It makes China quite hard to manage because of its land being too wide and have overpopulation. So, if anything would happened and stir up the emotion of the people, if they should take any action, it would be a disaster for the Government of China and it would be very hard to satisfy every requirement that the people required. In more serious case, it could ultimately cause a civil war to occur, just like in ancient China we can see that many uprising of the people occur because of dissatisfaction towards the imperial court that could ultimately cause the fall of a dynasty. So the government of China have a fear that if any information is leaked or spread by someone can cause any dissatisfaction towards the party that is running the country. To prevent such incident, they are extremely strict in the control of information. Due to China being a communist country, China ...
The government in china is very concerned with limiting the freedom of expression for it's citizens in all possible ways. Let's examine first the reason why censorship is such an important aspect for the Chinese government. According to the book “A Short History of China” by Gordon Kerr when the renaissance took place in Europe from the 14th through the 17th century it changed people's view in many different ways because it was “a period of exploration, discovery and advancement in almost every field”(Gordon Kerr 87); it was a rebirth of the ancient traditions. Mean...
As of the year 2010, Google battle with the Chinese government over Internet censorship has drawn increased international attention to media system in the country. The conflict between Google and Chinese government is mainly because of the different media systems that serve in the United States and China. Basically, the media system consists of different types of communications media, such as television, Newspapers, Internet, books and other new media (Ipad, smartphones). Chinese media system differs from that of the United States is up to the very different regimes and social conditions that can be analyzed in four aspects: Ownership and national culture of media, laws and regulations, attitude towards foreign media.
American hold the Bill of Rights in high regards, especially when expressing the First Amendments like the freedom of the press. In Lorentzen “China’s Strategic Censorship,” freedom of the press is an important aspect of a democracy for the constant tool to keep political figures and the government of accountable (Lorentzen, 2014). The information the press provide allows people to make an informed decision for the next political race, making investments in the economy or learning about the new tax breaks. Media permits information to be spread. Although, in China, they are known to censor news reports in to control their own people because the government wants to make sure the society is not disturbed by having Chinese citizen to collect and
Zhao, Y., (1998), Media, Market, and Democracy in China - Between the party line and the bottom line (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press).
Public Service Broadcasting [PSB] all over the world tends to appear as government’s responsibility to facilitate the application of public’s freedom of assembly and information. As an appreciation to public’s freedom to assembly, PSB exists as the extension of Habermas’s concept of public sphere as an impartial open arena in which public gather and conduct a dialogue to form a collective understanding among them which then is used as a fundamental principle of internal problem solving as well as the foundation of government’s democratic decision (Hauser, 1998). Here, it can be seen that PSB respect...
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