The previous chapter presented some transport data and illustrated how transport planning is organised in England, highlighting the major challenges identified in the literature. It continued by on outlining important inputs of SEA to more sustainable transport planning without neglecting some of the most common weaknesses or opportunities for improvement of the process. This literature review would not, however, be enough to attain the aim proposed and completely answer the objectives (see section 1.2), unless it would be supported by the analysis of a ‘real-case scenario’, where some of the inputs of SEA could potentially be applied, and by gathering opinions and experiences of professional working in the area, in order to better realize current experience. The methodology used throughout the study is described and explained in this chapter.
3.1 Research Design
Following an initial literature review, a case study approach was followed in order to better investigate the contribution of SEA to decision-making in the transport sector and a number of semi-structured interviews were carried out to gain insight into different stakeholders’ perceptions and experiences and, therefore, to better elaborate on the objectives. This type of qualitative research, which is related to in-depth exploratory studies, is recommended when an opportunity for ‘quality’ responses exists (Biggam, 2008).
The case study selected was identified by some of the people contacted as a good example of an SEA process, where it could have influenced decision-making and contributed to a perceptible improvement in the environmental and sustainability concerns of the transport plan/ strategy.
A first thought on reviewing Environmental Reports was dropped, ...
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...ther hand, most interviewees have limited their participation to less than 30 min for time constraints. Longer interviews could have generated better quality information.
The fact that the case study selected is approximately 5 years old could be seen with criticism, once SEA practice has obviously evolved ever since. Nonetheless, other options such as LTP2, would have similar limitations and the most recent SEA in the transport sector – LTP3, which are mainly being carried out in-house because of generalised cost-reductions – are still in a preliminary stage, what would not inform the study on the outcomes of SEA and its influence on the decision. On the other hand, the recent Ports National Policy Statement's appraisal of sustainability has been criticised. Interviewing people who were involved in the development of LTP3 was thought to minimise this limitation.
cut back on the problems in the Bay. Scientists have given an unthinkable amount of attention to the Bay of the past several years and researchers from countless numbers of agencies and institutions have dove deep into the issues and studying every nook and cranny to create answers to every politicians’ questions. The biggest concern with the Bay, and the most concentrated ...
In 1999 the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway Association encouraged the continuation and further development of waterborne market and restoration on the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway of places ...
To begin to appreciate some of the problems, the initial mandate of the waterway and how it has been traditionally facilitated must be examined. From the beginning, the basics of the system were clear...
The North American transport system is run by several different agencies, each one having its own important part in making it all run smoothly and efficiently . There are also several policies that have been put in place to keep the transportation system working for the good of everyone. The agencies involved keep very good records of all the types of transportation that make up the system, which makes it easy for anyone to be able to see all the different statistics associated with the system. The Freight broker business is another important part of the transportation system, the following paragraphs will tell how all these things work together.
Ocean Pollution is a serious issue in today's global politics. The delicate balance of Earth's ecosystem is put in jeopardy when the ocean is not clean. Problem evolving from ocean pollution directly harm marine life and indirectly affect human health and the Earth's many valuable resources. Ocean Pollution is a Broad term that encpompasses any and all foregin matter that directly or indirectly makes its way into the ocean. This includes everything from the extreme: oil spills, Toxic Waste dumping and industrial dumping-- to the small scael: human activities and basic carelessness. Because the oceans and all other water bodies are invariably, somehow connected, and because they account for 3/4 of the Earth's surface, they are an ideal method of transportation for pollution, allowing the rapid spread of seemingly far away toxins into a river near you! It is increasingly important that we educate ourselves as to what, exactly, ocean pollution is, so that we can identify the causes at their source and take action in small and large ways, and hopefully, prevent this terrible form of pollution from getting any worse than it is today.
As sea ice begins to melt, opportunity in sea transportation strikes as an interesting topic for the Canadian economy. Wintertime shipping has proven to be difficult in the Canadian arctic, due to heavier and thicker ice (Fergal & Prowse, 2007). Summertime has always been a preferable season for sea transportation partially due to the softened ice, and the amount of daylight produced, compared to wintertime darkness (Ferg...
...ds to be extensive discussions in regards to the surrounding socio-cultural-economic issues that may impact an MPAs success before MPA is actually instituted. With guidance from Edgar’s research, future MPAs should be designed to incorporate the five key features discussed, and in relation to these factors additional consideration should be given to the future activities that may influence an MPA’s effectiveness, for example future marine uses such as alternative forms of energy. This is where the Halpern’s suggestion to focus more on ecosystem-based management approaches may present a possible means to do so, as this approach addresses the wider-scope issues that will impact the world’s oceans on a global scale and may help limit effects, outside the boundaries of MPAs, that could potentially shape and alter the ability of an MPA to achieve its conservation goals.
Ocean shipping probably will meet with the pirates, which could lead to economic losses. Technology How to make the vessel keep efficiency by using less fuel, so company could cut the cost. Environment Wrecking on a rock, meeting with tsunami or rainstorm and so on when sailing. o Five – Forces • Threat of new entrants Low, because of high capital demand. Power of suppliers High, because of the vessels manufacturing, fuel price, and labor cost because these factors are all have no substitutes.
Grouchier, C & Walton, L. 2013. The maritime world: The Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean World. Vol 2. London & New York.
"Oceans." Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection. Detroit: Gale, 2014. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 8 May 2014.
Safety within SEA, as in any other organization, must start with commitment from the top. That begins with top level executives and stakeholders whom must share the same drive and commitment to safety as Steve does. Those upper management individuals must in turn ensure the performance of middle managers, the quality of...
At one point in the last year there were three ships in Tauranga’s harbour, the were the Voyager of the Seas which held 3000 people, the Seven Seas Mariner with 700 people on board and Seaborne Odyssey with 462. These three ships were investigated by the international network Friends of the Earth, they found out that all three failed the environmental assessment set by them. Royal Caribbean international had A 's for sewage and water quality, but F for air pollution. The same goes for The Seaborne Odyssey but Regent Seven Seas Cruises is the worst with a C+ for sewage, A for water Quality and again F for air pollution. The F means that they failed to co-operate with Friends of the Earth processes. Having all three cruises in Tauranga running for a day or two would have had bad impacts in Tauranga’s clean air, the average cruise ship realises more sulphur dioxide than 13 million cars. To fix this problem, Friends of the Earth are influencing people to choose their cruise after looking at the environmental effects right now Carnival cruises has the best environmental rating. To limit air pollution at New Zealand ports, more cruises opt to use off shore power while
Axehausen, and Erath. "Urban Sustainability and Transportation: Research Framework for Medium and Long Term Transport Planning." Journeys 7 (2011): 7-19.
Bowermaster, Jon. Oceans: The Threats to Our Seas and What You Can Do to Turn the Tide: A Participant Media Guide. New York: PublicAffairs, 2010. Print.
...ransportation and navigation challenge: Experts had made judgment related to sea behavior, weather condition. However navigation and transporting 19 precast segments at different open sea location in 24 hrs was a challenge.