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SEA CUCUMBER IN MEDICAL APPLICATION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Sea cucumbers from class of Holothuroidea are a group of echinoderms that include about 1,250 known living species. It is a unique creature due to the existence of endoskeleton or internal skeleton that consists of tiny ossicles or spicules, small particles of calcium carbonate embedded in the body wall. Mostly of them are indeed shaped like soft-bodied cucumbers. Generally, sea cucumbers can grow to the lengths of between 4 to 12 inches but there are also few species that are smaller or larger in size. Sea cucumbers have thick skin and their body can elongate due to contraction of circular muscles around their body. Their mouth is surrounded by tentacles and it is located at the front of their body.
All sea cucumbers are ocean dwellers. Some of it inhabits the shallows and others live in the deep ocean. They live on the ocean floor and sometimes partially buried underneath it. There are also some species that hide under rocks or in crevices. Sea cucumber is ocean dwellers that survive feeding on tiny particles like algae, microscopic aquatic animals such as plankton, and waste materials that fall onto the sea floor. They plays an important role in the ecosystems because they will break down all those particles into even smaller pieces, which become food for bacteria, and thus recycle the nutrient back into the ocean ecosystem.
When sea cucumbers were threatened, some of them can discharge sticky threads to trap their enemies while others can mutilate their own bodies as a defense mechanism. They will aggressively contract their muscles and throw away some of their internal organs out of their anus. Then, the lost organs are quickly regenerated.
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...ctive as chemotherapy with additional benefit where the treatment goes well without giving any side effects.
1.3.4 Product of Sea Cucumber
Sea cucumber is one of the sea creatures that contain high protein, carbohydrates, and essential fatty acids. They are also rich in collagen, vitamin A, vitamins B, and minerals. It also has amino acids which are similar to fish oil that might promote a healthy heart and brain. When used as a jelly or cream based product, sea cucumber extract has potential to reduce scarring and moisturize the skin thus reduce signs of aging.
From the nutritional point of view, sea cucumber is an ideal tonic food. It has high protein (at 55%) compared to any other food except egg whites (at 99%). In addition, sea cucumber also has lower in fat than most other foods.
Figure 7: Example of product from sea cucumber.
... mm long and 3–7 mm wide. After the fish's tongue is destroyed, the parasite attaches itself to the stub of the old tongue, and becomes the fish's new tongue.
Scorpaenidae are mostly marine fish,very few found in fresh and brackish water. The family have around around 45 different genera and 380 different species. They are mostly found in the India Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. Most of them lives in coral, tropical reefs and shallow waters, warmer areas. Not all of the family fish lives in the shallow water, small portion of the Scorpaenidae live deep as around 7,000 feet. Just like most of the coral reef fish are, Scorpaenidae have camouflaged body. Their characteristic reflects their name, they have sharp spine that can sting other organisms. Their spine are covered with venomous mucus just like how some other kind of fish are covered with the venomous mucus. Their body are covered with scales. Generally speaking, the Scorpaenidae family fish have different number of spines over the course of the body. Most known type pf Scorpaenidae are lionfish and scorpionfish. Lionfish have preorbital bone with 3 spines, spines and third below the diagonal; , big mouth, end position, oblique fissure. Mandible, vomer and jaw bone with villiform teeth group. Gill openings are wide, tetrabranchiate membranes without the isthmus, pre-opercular margin with 5 spines. Body are ctenoid scales, round head. On the side, there are about eight to nine dorsal fin, fin spines and rays of an anal fin; five to six pectoral fins, they are large, round, and are branched from the upper fin rays. There are about one to five pelvic, sub thoracic; caudal fin rounded truncate. Reef stonefish are extremely camouflaged, they could look exactly like a rock when hiding for predation. The spines of Scorpaenidae are hard and rough, some of their fin spines have poison, can cause serious pain, swells and fatal wounds. Some of ...
Through the years, countless physicians have supported Caisse's herbal remedy and Dr. Charles Brusch even made the claim that "clinically, on patients suffering from pathologically proven cancer, it reduces pain and causes a recession in the growth. Patients gained weight and showed a great improvement in their general health. Their elimination improved considerably, and their appetite became whetted. Remarkably beneficial results were obtained even on those cases at the 'end of the road' where it proved to prolong life and the 'quality of that life' (http://wbj.com/sect/010-004-06-004.html)." Essiac is actually a combination of four principle herbs-. burdock root, turkey rhubarb root (or Indian rhubarb), sheep sorrel, and slippery elm bark (http://www.all-natural.com/essiac.html).
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1990. Unconventional Cancer Treatments, OTA-H-405. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Sure, you can imagine a crab sitting on the bottom of the ocean, but if you came across a pill bug you probably wouldn't scream, 'Check out that crustacean!', but pill bugs are crustaceans that live on land! There are too many groups to mention here, so let's just highlight a few, starting with Copepods, which are extremely small crustaceans. There are over 13,000 species that are considered Copepods. Some inhabit freshwater, some live in saltwater, others live in moss and some are even parasitic. The Copepod's claim to fame is probably their importance in the food
Mistletoe has been extremely beneficial to medical science throughout the ages. It has been known to help cure or relieve epilepsy, hypertension, headaches, menopausal symptoms, infertility, arthritis, and rheumatism. Mistletoe is one of the highest alternative medicine remedies for cancer. In European countries, extracts made from European mistletoe are among the most prescribed remedies for cancer patients.” (National Cancer Institute p.2) In the International Journal of Cancer, they ran multiple tests with the mistletoe extract and found that the results of the clinical testing is highly inconsistent. In fact the stronger tests found that there is no improvement in quality of life in the patient. “The search terms were alternative medicine, cancer, controlled clinical trial, Eurixor®, Helixor®, Iscador®, lectin, malignancy, Mistel, mistletoe and derivatives. In addition, manufacturers of commercial mistletoe products and other experts were asked to contribute published as well as unpublished material, and our own extensive files were hand-searched.” (Eduard Ernst,Katja Schmidt, and Miriam Katharina Steuer-Vogt p.262–267) Because of limited data on the efficiency of mistletoe, only patients with primary or secondary brain tumors, leukemia, or malignant lymphoma are treated with mistletoe extract. Mistletoe extract is not used on pregnant or nursing women, ...
When someone says the word octopus, an image of an eight legged invertebrate comes to mind. The body structure of a mature octopus is very interesting. Octopuses are extremely intelligent. They have excellent memory can use tools, and are great problem solvers. Only birds and mammals are known to be smarter. Each one of their tentacles, which are used for prying open clam shells, has two rows of suckers that can give them a pretty good grip. An octopus also tastes with its tentacles. An octopus’s third right arm, also called hectocotyli, is also its penis which a male octopus will use to mate at one or two years of age. The only part of an octopus that cannot move or squeeze through small spaces is its beak where it consumes food. This is used for biting and also breaking things apart. Did you know that octopi have three hearts? This is because these sea creatures have extra legs and three hearts are necessary for better bl...
In the coral reef habitat, food consumption is based on sunlight. The sunlight gives food to the plants, bacteria and algae, which is eaten by the plant eaters or herbivores, such as parrotfishes. The bigger carnivores, such as the Whitetip Reef Shark, in the ecosystem then eat those fishes along with the bacteria and plankton in the water. On the other hand, the deep sea is based on dead animal bodies or waste, shown in the fake whale carcass in the deep sea exhibit. Organisms of the deep sea feed on waste because sunlight does not have the ability to reach that deep in the ocean. Nektons are the fishes that feed on the waste produced by the epipelagic zone.
Crustacea is a large subphylum of Arthropoda, consisting of almost 52 000 described species, including animals like crabs, lobsters, shrimp and barnacles. The majority of these are aquatic, living in marine or fresh water environments, though some have adapted to living on land like some crabs and woodlice. Most crustaceans are relatively small, though there are some exceptions. All of them have a hard, strong exoskeleton, divided into two parts, which has to be shed in order to allow the animal itself to grow. They have a large circulation system, where blood is pumped around the body by the heart. Only some crustaceans have sexes separate, and those that are usually mate seasonally and lay eggs. The study of Crustacea is called carcinology.
Aquaponics produces the biggest, best, and most diverse fruits and vegetables in the smallest amount of space. Unlike normal gardening and farming, Aquaponics is not limited to seasons or climate, which means all types of fruits and vegetables can be produced year round. When farmers can produce any plant, any where, at any time, the produce can be picked at the peak of its ripeness, which is when it looks and tastes the best, and since farme...
The major concern behind CAM is that it covers a rather broad range of therapies, most of which have not been able to establish any proper scientific basis. This results in a lot of objection from the researchers and collegiate officials that it does not qualify to obtain its place as important learning in the medical school curricula. However, cancer patients have said that they have benefited from CAM therapies, during and after their exhaustive treatments. This shows that there is scope for some CAM methods to be legitimate.
... basis of nitrogen mustard. Theoritically, by treating the patient with poison, it will destroy all types of cells. Then hopefully, once the body is wiped clean, it will be able to recover without any trace of the disease. When this type of treatment is the main standard of fighting cancer, it is understandable that many turn to complementary and alternative medicines, including dietary supplements, natural products, or mind and body practices. Cancer patients will go to extreme lengths to fight the disease, control its symptoms, and to suppress the side effects of the treatment. Although chemotherapy does put patients at risk of harmful side effects, it and the other conventional methods produce a better outcome of remission than alternative medicines alone. Patients should be advised to consult with oncologist about a combination of treatments for best results.
Vitamin C, also scientifically known as Ascorbic Acid is an essential component in our diet, as vitamin C can neither be produced nor stored by the body due to its soluble nature (Ehrlich, 2011). Vitamin C helps make the collagen substance found in our bodies, and as the natural repair of certain body tissues like bones; cartilage, skin and teeth rely upon this, vitamin C is only too important a nutrient when it comes to our diets (Kenny, 2012). Naturally high levels of Vitamin C can be found within grown produce such as strawberries, kiwis, oranges, broccoli, sprouts, fresh thyme, parsley and bell peppers (healthaliciousness, 2013) and many more.