Section 1: Public Health and Public Health Practices/Investigations Public health is the discipline and skill for preventing diseases and injuries, extending the lifespan and endorsing wellbeing through structured public work, the control of communicable diseases, the union of medical and nursing facilities for the prompt identification and disease prevention, teaching individual health and to make sure a standard of living suitable for the conservation of health (Breslow et al, 2002).. Public health focuses the health of the people completely than the treatment of individuals (Beaglehole et al, 2004). The public health principles are meant for the public and other institutions that have a public health mission. Individuals and institutions that are not within the traditional public health but whom their activities have an impact on the health community find the code useful. The principles are used to recognize the risk causes and demonstrate the association amongst the three aspects that affect the incidence and prevention of disease. These factors are: Host, or the person or population with the disease; Agent, or the disease causing organism; and Environment, or location in which the host and agent interact. Understanding the incidence of disease is not sufficient to address preventive methods. The strategy needs to be comprehensive in three levels. Primary: Goal is to avoid proceedings that can cause result disease/injury, what can be done to avoid the disease/injury before the incident happens. Secondary: Goal is focused at changing the significances of events to avoid or lessen the severity of disease/injury. Tertiary: Aim is to limit long-term damages and disability. Passive strategies require no assistance or actions to th... ... middle of paper ... ...es, pp. 1-66. Jamison, DT 2006, World Bank & Disease Control Priorities Project, Disease control priorities in developing countries, New York: Oxford University Press. Lee, LM, Teutsch, ST, Thacker, SB & St. Louis, ME 2010, Ethics in Public Health Surveillance, Principles & Practice of Public Health Surveillance, pp.1-22 Nsubuga, P, White, ME, Thacker, SB, Anderson, MA, Blount, SB, Broome, CV, Chiller, TM, Espitia, V, Imtiaz, R, Sosin, D, Stroup, DF, Tauxe, RV, Vijayaraghavan, M & Trostle, M 2006, Public Health Surveillance: A Tool for Targeting and Monitoring Interventions, Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, 2nd edition, pp. 995-1016 Public Health Leadership Society, 2002, Principles of the Ethical Practice of Public Health, version 2.2, pp. 1-16 Smith, P & Hepple, B 2007, Public Health: Ethical Issues, London: Cambridge Publishers ltd.
Varmus , Harold, and David Satcher. "Ethical Complexities of Conducting Research in Developing Countries." New England Journal of Medicine. 337.14 1003-1005. Web. 9 Feb. 2014.
Public health is a vast field that encompasses many issues. Generally speaking, it deals with the safety and protection of people in a society as well as education
National Institute of Medicine (2007) Ethical and legal considerations in mitigating pandemic disease Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54163/
According to World Health Organization, the statics show that: - The world needs 17 million more health workers, especially in Africa and South East Asia. - African Region bore the highest burden with almost two thirds of the global maternal deaths in 2015 - In Sub-Saharn Africa, 1 child in 12 dies before his or her 5th birthday - Teenage girls, sex workers and intravenous drug users are mong those left behind by the global HIV response - TB occurs with 9.6 million new cases in 2014 - In 2014, at least 1.7 billion people needed interventions against neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) (“Global Health Observatory data”, n.d.) B. A quote of Miss Emmeline Stuart, published in the article in
... William Keck. "Environmental Health in Public Health." Principles of public health practice. Albany: Delmar Publishers, 1997. 584-588. Print.
...Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Oct. 2011. Web. 13 May 2014. .
Steinbock, Bonnie, Alex J. London, and John D. Arras. "’Rights- Based’ Approaches." Ethical Issues in Modern Medicine. Contemporary Readings in Bioethics. 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2013. 23. Print.
This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk. Over the last twentieth century, there have been numerous examples in which ethical principles have not been considered in research leading to ethical breaches that have negative implications on study participants.1 One US human experimentation study which breached ethical conduct was the US Public Health Service Syphilis Study, more commonly known as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, which was conducted from 1932 through 1972.2 The study recruited 399 African-American male subjects diagnosed with syphilis. The recruited men came from poor, rural counties around Tuskegee, Alabama. The stated purpose of the study was to obtain information about the course of untreated syphilis. The study was initially meant to be for 6 months, however the study was modified into a “death as end-point study”.
Beitsch et al. (2006) also conveys the main functions of state public health institutions, which include the assessment of diseases, policy development, and the commitment to health protection and promotion activities. While Brumback and Malecki (1996) reveal that the role of public health agencies is to assess and analyse public health problems, form policies, layout development, and implement
Because state and local public health programs are often funded at least in part with Federal dollars, accountability is often a key issue (“Ten Essential Public Health Services.” 2015). Public health programs therefore document progress towards positive change in health behavior or health status indicators (“Ten Essential Public Health Services.” 2015). Data such as these can be presented to policymakers to document the value or effectiveness of a program (“Ten Essential Public Health Services.” 2015). Those data can also be used for continued program planning and modification (“Ten Essential Public Health Services.” 2015). Policies have positive or negative influences on health. Examples of health policies include safety standards, which influence the incidence of injuries; tobacco regulations affect personal health; and safe city parks can affect the ability for people are active (California Department of Public Health “Strategic Plan”, 2013). It is a systematic process to utilize appropriate data, develop and track measurable health objectives, establish strategies and actions to guide the targeted improvements (California Department of Public Health “Strategic Plan”, 2013). The targeted strategies may be laws, codes, regulations and/or
London, England. The.. London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine n.d., Session 5: The role of the state. in global health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England. Ricci J.
Public health is often described as having the population or community as its patient, in contrast to the individual-level focus of clinical medicine. The more focus on the community creates a natural foundation for team building between public health and anthropology. This becomes the primary focus on the study of people in groups, and especially in local communities. WHO(1948) defines Public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals. Wolf (1994) defines anthropology as the study of humankind, past and present.
Discussions throughout this essay will focus on the relevance of epidemiology to public health; firstly the concepts of epidemiology will be discussed alongside two examples of why epidemiology is relevant in the 21st century.
...tly should attend to the most urgent and highest needful problems to reduce the risk of developing those issues. Health priorities include reduction of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), decrease the road traffic accidents rate, reduce the infectious disease and vaccine preventable diseases, prevent transmit of HIV infections and reduce the poverty by minimizing gap between rich and poor. In addition, this health problems should be addressed in accordance to WHO guidelines, Millenniums development goals and according to other international health reporting standards. Moreover understanding the burden of disease is important where it helps to measure weightage of disease in a specific nation with that of the global situation. So supportively this will help to prioritize the urgent health problems in the country which will support the prevention of those health issues.
To reiterate these six components, which are innovation, technical package, communication, management, and political commitment – the community is hand in hand associated with core functions of Public Health. In Public Health the three main core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment is a tool that helps monitors different health and environmental statutes to create, deploy, and identify solutions. It also used a diagnostic tool to investigate health-related problems and different health hazards. Policy development is an act of informing and educating those developed ideas and topics that help the communities and different organizations in their health care efforts. Lastly, assurance utilizes different laws and regulations to help in the aid of protecting the public or environment at risk. It also re-evaluates the laws and regulations to see its effectiveness and its quality (Schneider,