Malaysian consumed an average of 230 liters of water per person per day. Furthermore, Malaysian’s water consumption per capita per day is alarmingly high and increasingly about 7.6 liters per year (Kerri, 2008). Water plays an important role for humans as natural resource needed for both drinking and irrigation purposed. The increases of population as well as the increase in economic and industrial activities have led to high demand for water. In order to produce potable water, water treatment process must be conducted properly. According to Miller (2009), there are six important treatment processes which are coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, ion exchange, absorption, and disinfection. (Refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1).
Firstly, water is allowed to undergo coagulation process. The principle of coagulation process is to remove turbidity from the water, microorganisms, chemical in solution, colloidal and suspended solids (Binnie & Kimber, 2002). Turbidity refers to a cloudy appearance of water due to existence of small particles suspended. Hence, no turbidity results in clearer water. The most frequently used coagulants are aluminium sulphate (alum) and iron salts. Basically, most of the dissolved particles in water bear negative charges that have a tendency to repel each other. In order to clump the particles together, alum which consists of positive charges is added. Therefore, negative charges particles magnetize towards the positive charges that resulted in a neutral or lack of charge. When there is no repelling amongst the particles, Van der Waal’s forces assembles the particles. Finally, the particles settled out from the water. However, Pizzi’s (2010) study suggests that the amount of alum added to the water must be in ...
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Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
Water is essential in our everyday life. Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals utilize water to survive. Therefore it is vital that there be clean water for our communities to utilize to survive as a whole. Unfortunately because of different determinants our source of water are not always safe to use. We happen to have to deal with contamination of drinking water. Contamination of fresh water used for household needs, including pollution of oceans, rivers, lakes and reservoirs. There are categories of the different contaminants that exist such as Physical contaminants, Chemical contaminants, Biological contaminants, and radiological contaminants ("Types of Drinking Water Contaminants | Drinking Water
The key stakeholders are Peter Vyas, the manager of filtration unit and Cynthia Jackson who is the vice president of water management division. Vyas was convinced that the survival of the unit depended upon innovative growth and thus he appointed a technology evaluation team with the responsibility of using technology to solve the problem of obtaining clean water in remote regions, by developing a small-scale oxidation system that enabled waste-water disinfection in small batches. His utmost concern is the technological aspect of developing the product. On the other hand, Cynthia’s perspective was shaped by the marketing angle of the product. She recommended the development of future proposals using a rigorous three phase process which links the markets analysis and technological development to busines...
... of films on liquids” (12). What things are larger than 1 Angstrom? A few are bacteria, viruses, organic matters and small planktonic organisms but we will get into this later (1). When the membranes separate two water types, water molecules pass from the less concentrated zone into the more concentrated zone in order to balance ionic forces. To reverse the natural flow of water through the membrane, pressure greater than osmotic pressure has to be applied on the concentrated solution. Providing pressures from 70 to 84 bars, 40 to 60% of seawater or brackish water is converted into fresh water by reverse osmosis. The influent saline solution is divided into two phases. Permeate is the first which is the fresh water free of particulates and dissolved impurities and the second is the concentrate stream which is brine enriched with suspended and dissolved solids (1).
They also help remove “plankton and organic particles from the water column; and are capable of filtering up to 50 gallons of water per day which makes them improve water quality and clarity” (Oyster…2014:[sp]).
This is because only a small part of the population, particularly in developing countries, have access to water of acceptable quality. It is estimated that in some countries only 20% of the rural population has water of satisfactory quality. Based on these statistics, it is clear the urgent need for awareness about caring for water use. Almost without realizing it, we are seriously jeopardizing this essential resource, not for us but for our children's children and their generations, aware that in other parts o...
In the first part of the experiment, The mixture was combined with saturated sodium chloride, and the aqueous layer, containing alcohol, some acid, and water, was discarded. The organic layer was then dried with granular anhydrous sodium sulfate; this drying agent is used to absorb any water in a solution and should thus, result in a colorless solution. The final product was collected; it was mostly clear, though it has a pale yellow tint. Data Table 2 shows the results and calculations that were gathered after the completion of this experiment. No errors had occurred during the course of the experiment, which is testified by the fairly, high yield of Data Table 3 indicates the observations from these tests.
Water desalination is the process of removing salts and minerals from water that has a high concentration of salt dissolved in it, and can therefore not be consumed as drinking water. Desalination of saline water can be achieved by a technique known as reverse osmosis. In osmosis the net movement of solvent molecules occurs from an area of low solute concentration to a more concentrated one through a semi-permeable membrane to balance the concentration of solute on either side of the membrane. However, in reverse osmosis the net flow of solvent is in the opposite direction this can be achieved by applying an external pressure that is great enough to stop osmosis from occurring, this is known as the osmotic pressure. If a pressure greater than
However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange colourings (D.E.P. 2, 2002; U.S.G.S. ; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). The rate that A.M.D. advances is also influenced by the presence of certain bacteria (Doyle; U.S.G.S). A.M.D. that has dissolved heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury can contaminate ground and surface water.
Background: Waste water treatment plants are essential to communities of all sizes and must work efficiently. Waste water treatment plant primary priority and responsibility is the treatment of incoming sewage water by the removal of biological and chemical wastes so it can be treated and recycled for future use. There are many government agencies and standards set forth to govern and observe the successful treatment of sewage, such as the Department of Environmental Quality, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System and the Clean Water Act of 1972. Compliance and constant monitoring of the treatment plant’s operations are important as they protect the surrounding community. A spill or backflow of sewage due to a complete system malfunction could potentially be detrimental to the environment and local community.
Water Pollution is a current issue that has serious consequences; it progresses everyday in our lakes, oceans, rivers and other bodies of water.
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low-income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.