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Essay about the krebs cycle
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Energy is needed by living organisms to perform work in their daily life. In plants, energy originates from the Sun as light energy and converted to carbohydrate, fat and protein while in human beings and animals, energy originates from the source of food through Krebs cycle. Krebs cycle is defined as “a central part of the energetic metabolism that contributes to the generation of ATP by the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. It is a series of chemical reactions catalysed by enzymes occurring in the inside of mitochondria called the matrix and which can be disposed circularly” (Nazaret, Heiske, Thurley, & Mazat, 2008, p. 455).There are eight important steps involving in the process of Krebs cycle in metabolism namely condensation, isomerisation, first oxidative decarboxylation, second oxidative decarboxylation, synthesis of succinyl-CoA, oxidation of succinate, hydration of carbon double bond and lastly, regeneration of oxaloacetate (refer to Figure 1 in Appendix 1). In the first step in process of Krebs cycle in metabolism is the condensation reaction. The condensation process is “the acetic acid subunit of acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) strips off the CoA portion from acetyl-CoA” (Tortora, Funke, & Case, 2010, p. 128). The remaining two carbons are combined with the oxaloacetate which is four carbons to form a molecule of citrate which is six carbons molecule. In this process, the acetyl coenzyme A acts only as a transporter of acetic acid from one enzyme to another. This is because the coenzyme is released by hydrolysis from the molecule so that it combines with another acetic acid molecule to begin the Krebs cycle again (Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, & Jackson, 2011). The citric acid molecule undergoes an isomerisation of citrate in the second step in the process of the Krebs cycle in metabolism. Reece et al. (2011) defined isomer as “The isomer is one of several compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and therefore different properties. There are three types of isomers are structural isomers, cis-trans isomers, and enantiomers” (p. 108). During this process, the hydroxyl group and a hydrogen molecule are removed from the citric structure in the formed of the water molecule (H2O). In the same time, the two carbons form a double bond between the molecules. Next, the water molecule is added back in the process. Then, the hydroxyl group and hydrogen molecule are reversed with the respect to the original structure of the citric molecule (Reece et al.
mechanism to convert it into energy. Basically, Krebs’ cycle describes the mechanism used to convert food into energy in a cell. First introduced by the German biochemist, Hans Krebs; the Krebs’ cycle is a process of converting food into energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in a cell through the oxidation of acetate which is obtained from food sources. The Krebs’ cycle is also known as tricarboxylic acid cycle or the citric acid cycle. Research done by Berg, Tymoczko & Stryer (2002)
INTRODUCTION: All living things perform cellular respiration for energy. Cellular respiration is the process when cells produce energy by breaking down sugars and food. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down into carbon dioxide, water and energy. Carbon dioxide is the waste. Cellular respiration can be aerobic (oxygen is present) or anaerobic (no or low oxygen present). Anaerobic respiration takes place in the fluid part of the cytoplasm. Aerobic respiration takes place in the
1. The advantage of mini-cycle for the glucose metabolism will be less consuming time to produce glucose 6 phosphate because oxaloacetate can be produced rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate. If there is deficiency of glucose 6 phosphates, the body can use mini-cycle to produce it by converting oxaloacetate (278). The disadvantage will always need enough oxygen to process this reaction because mini-cycle is aerobic metabolism (304). For the fatty acid metabolism, citrate can produce rapidly from alpha-ketoglutarate
energy all cells must carry out a process called respiration. In nearly every living thing on Earth, the energy comes from the metabolism of glucose. Essentially all living things require basic sugars to carry out respiration. Cellular respiration is a process in which cells produce the energy they need to survive. It is a series of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms and are essential to all living cells. In this process biochemical energy is converted from
The human body is made of cells, which means that if the cells die, the human dies. Metabolism keeps the cells and thus the body alive and functioning properly and can be divided into two parts: catabolism and anabolism. Catabolism breaks down molecules in order to gain energy while anabolism synthesizes everything that the cells need. During catabolism, chemical energy such as ATP is released. The energy released during catabolism is released in three phases. During the first phase, large molecules
Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occurs and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. Metabolism is of the following two types: catabolism and anabolism. In catabolism, molecules break down producing energy During anabolism, synthesis of essential compounds needed by the cells are produced (such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis). Bioenergetics describes the metabolic pathways by which a cell obtains energy. Nutrition science studies the relation
respirometer in the experiment. Introduction: Respiration is the process by which organic molecules are broken down in a series of stages to synthesize ATP. Respiratory quotient is a measure of the ratio between oxygen an organism takes in and carbon dioxide the organism eliminates. The use of a device called a respirometer is used to measure an organism’s respiratory quotient by measuring the gases the organism takes in and exhales. Metabolism is all the chemical processes that take place in living organisms
Exercise and the act of any bodily motion requires chemistry to power all of the necessary moving parts. There are two functions of exercise that make you feel good while working out and then make you feel not so good. The first “feel good” process is the releasing of endorphins during a workout. Endorphins are chemicals released by the pituitary gland of the brain. The pituitary gland produces approximately 20 different types of endorphins that assist the human body with a variety of functions.
Task 1 There are our series in the degradation of glucose in the two different forms of respiration. This includes glycolysis, link reaction, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain. The degradation of one molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen goes through all four series. Inside aerobic respiration, the pyruvate moves to the mitochondria, whereas in the anaerobic respiration, the pyruvate stays in the cytoplasm. This is therefore showing that anaerobic respiration goes through all
Therefore digestive organs are organs that work together to breakdown food into the nutrients needed for the organism to function. Once the carbohydrate has been broken down into glucose, through a process of absorption, it enters the blood stream and is transported to cells where it undergoes a chemical process where the glucose is converted to
Metabolism is defined the sum of all chemical reactions which occur and are involved in sustaining life of a cell, and thus an organism. Metabolism is of two types: Catabolism: in this process molecules break down producing energy Anabolism: in this process synthesis of essential compounds needed by the cells are produced (such as DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis). Bioenergetics describes the metabolic pathways by which a cell obtains energy. Nutrition science studies the relation between the food
D. a. E. Cooper, J.L., 1996) 1.3.2.3 Protein Metabolism Liver is the principal site for protein metabolism. Although the liver plays a vital role in carbohydrate and fat metabolism, its function in protein metabolism is of critical importance, as the failure to do so for more than a few days can result in death. This includes deamination and transamination of amino acids, urea formation
Competency 208.5.4: Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanism Competency 208.5.5: Carbohydrate Metabolism, Adenosine Hadassah Backman, RN Western Governor’s University Enzymes, are macromolecules which serve as catalysts. Catalysts are a chemical that can increase the rate of a chemical reaction or slow it down, without being changed by the reaction itself. The enzyme as a catalyst promotes the activity of the reactant which subsequently produces the product. Enzymes have
The human digestive system is a complex process which consists of breaking down large organic masses into smaller particles that the body can use as energy. However the breakdown of the nutrients requires the coordination of several enzymes secreted from specialized cells within the mouth, stomach, intestines, and liver. Also the major organs or structures that coordinate digestion within the human body include the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and liver. Mouth In the human
citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle and the tribocarboxylic acid cycle, is the hub of the metabolic wheel. The cycle earns this phrase due its role in the oxidation of various fuel molecules i.e. its catabolic nature, and in the provision of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis or its anabolic nature. Anaplerotic reactions are imperative as they replenish the anabolic reactions to ensure the cycle’s function is maintained. The citric acid cycle‘s central role in metabolism is also highlighted