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The engineering of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is entirely new, yet genetics, as
a field of science, has fascinated mankind for over 2,000 years. Man has always
tried to bend nature around his will through selective breeding and other forms
of practical genetics. Today, scientists have a greater understanding of
genetics and its role in living organisms. Unfortunately, some people are
trying to stop further studies in genetics, but the research being conducted
today will serve to better mankind tomorrow. Among many benefits of genetic
engineering are the several cures being developed for presently incurable
diseases. Genetics has also opened the door way to biological solutions for
world problems, as well as aid for body malfunctions. Genetic engineering is a
fundamental tool for leading the world of medicine into the future; therefore,
it is crucial to continue research in this field.
Today's research in genetic engineering is bringing about new methods for curing
and treating major medical illnesses. The Human Genome Project has allowed
geneticists to map the genes of human beings. This project is far from complete,
as the DNA sequence of humans is extremely long, yet it will eventually show
geneticists which genes are responsible for certain inherited diseases.
Identified genes could be repaired, resulting in the irradiation of inherited
diseases, such as cancer. Just last year, the locations of genes for several
diseases were confirmed and may soon be correctable. Secondly, research in
genetics has brought about a new medical field, genetic counseling. Couples
planning to have children can visit a genetic counselor and identify what
medical difficulties their child may have. With continued research in genetics,
couples will have the opportunity to become aware of a greater number of
medical conditions that may affect their child and can make the proper
adjustments needed in advance. Lastly, and perhaps the most important
advancement in the curing and treating of illnesses, geneticists are developing
a new method for removing viruses from human bodies—DNA scissors. This new
method works in a similar way that antibiotics does. When antibodies enter our
internal system they attack a specific type of enemy cell or virus and destroy
it. Likewise, DNA scissors enter the body and attack a specific type of enemy
virus or cell. ...
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...osing their lives as a result. In the
future, geneticists would be able to clone pieces of organs and, then, make
organs for surgeries involving transplants. Geneticists may even be able to
clone cells from damaged organs and then engineer exact duplicates. Genetics
will definitely have a large impact on correcting of malfunctions in the human
body.
Without doubt, genetic engineering has already helped make human life easier and
will continue to do so in the future, provided that research on genetic
engineering continues. All advancements in science have led to positive and
negative results, yet, the rewards of genetics greatly outweigh the
disadvantages. Mankind is entering a new era in medicine—genetic engineering—one
that has received criticism. As the field of genetics inevitably becomes
integrated with medical practice, people may continue to protest against what
they believe genetic engineering will unleash on our society. Rather than
allowing fear and ignorance to derail one of the most humane efforts underway,
scientists and the society must find bridges of communication and understanding,
through education, to promote the benefits of genetic engineering.
According to Gregory Mantsios many American people believed that the classes in the United States were irrelevant, that we equally reside(ed) in a middle class nation, that we were all getting richer, and that everyone has an opportunity to succeed in life. But what many believed, was far from the truth. In reality the middle class of the United States receives a very small amount of the nation's wealth, and sixty percent of America's population receives less than 6 percent of the nation's wealth, while the top 1 percent of the American population receives 34 percent of the total national wealth. In the article Class in America ( 2009), written by Gregory Mantsios informs us that there are some huge differences that exist between the classes of America, especially the wealthy and the poor. After
It seems to be beneficial for the elite or dominant group to exercise their power over the less fortunate by putting obstacles in social mobility. Fussell puts in perspective that Americans need to realize that we all have a membership in a certain class. The author made me realize that I am a part of the mid proletarian class, the class that works everyday living off a day to day check (my mom was a hairstylist). Given the type of work my mother did, shaped how I was identified as a person I could say it most definitely impacted my view and status. I agree that humans reveal their class just by the way they behave for instance, Studs Terkel interviewed a woman and in this midst of the interview he poses the question, “What are your thoughts about social classes in the country” (Fussell, pg. 16) you can tell she was hesitant with slight enraged about the topic being brought up because she mentions that they should dismiss the term “social class”. I define class as the way you appear to others meaning your posture, your voice and the way you articulate words these characteristics places you in a certain
The social norm we will attempt to violate would be talking loudly, singing and dancing in public places. The social norm acts as an mechanism of social control because when the norm is being broken within a group of people they would most likely show a specific reaction and response to the behavior that we would be demonstrating.
One of the most controversial topics discussed in the world of medicine pertained to the topic of genetic engineering. Some doctors saw it as tool of world destruction, however many of them seeing it as a chance of potential cures and treatments. Charles Darwin first introduced this idea. In his first publication, The Origin of Species, he introduced the idea of survival of the fittest. He stated that evolutionary change was only possible due to the genetic variation between each generation, including the combination of different characteristics. In other words, he wrote that only those who had desirable characteristics, in terms of survival, would be able to pass down their genes. If two bred and possessed desirable characteristics, then the desirable characteristic would strengthen, modifying the genes. Darwin’s theories have been the base of many medical breakthroughs that contributed to genetic engineering. The idea soon influenced medicine, the idea of strengthening the healthy cells and isolating them from the unhealthy ones. The simple idea Darwin discovered had changed medicine as a whole. Today, doctors and scientists are able to manipulate genes in order to create new treatments and cures. Today, Darwin’s discovery changed and saved millions of lives around the world. Despite the fact that genetic engineering can have a negative impact on society, it was an important discovery due to the advancement in conventional medicine.
Divisions within the social stratum is a characteristic of societies in various cultures and has been present throughout history. During the middle ages, the medieval feudal system prevailed, characterized by kings and queens reigning over the peasantry. Similarly, in today’s society, corporate feudalism, otherwise known as Capitalism, consists of wealthy elites dominating over the working poor. Class divisions became most evident during America’s Gilded Age and Progressive era, a period in time in which the rich became richer via exploitation of the fruits of labor that the poor persistently toiled to earn. As a result, many Americans grew compelled to ask the question on everyone’s mind: what do the rich owe the poor? According to wealthy
In America, our society is categorized by the poor, working, middle, upper middle, or upper class. Majority of America today seems to be under the working to middle class. It's hard to tell what
Social and economic class is something we as Americans like to push into the back of our minds. Sometimes recognizing our class either socially or economically can almost be crippling. When individuals recognize class, limitations and judgment confront us. Instead, we should know it is important to recognize our class, but not let it define and limit us. In the essay, “Class in America”, Gregory Mantsios, founder and director of the Joseph S. Murphy Institute for Worker Education at the School of Professional Studies, brings to light the fact that Americans don’t talk about class and class mobility. He describes the classes in extremes, mainly focusing on the very sharp divide between the extremely wealthy and extremely poor. In contrast, George
Cialdini, Robert B, & Trost, Melanie R. (1998). Social Influence: Social Norms, Conformity, & Compliance. Interpersonal Phenomena. Retrieved from: angel.elmira.edu/section/default.asp?id=w114_PSY3010_01.
Multiculturalism is a significant fabric of Canadian society that defines its unique identity among the rest of the world. Enactment of the Canadian multicultural policy (1971) affirmed government position and recognition of multiculturalism as a vital element of Canada. It is imperative to understand that multiculturalism is a static concept that keeps changing overtime and has a multidimensional entity. Canadians have always and will continue to revise the concept of multiculturalism to suit the ever expanding needs of Canadian society. In this paper, I will evaluate the reasons behind Canada’s adoption of multicultural policy and assess whether the policy should be maintained or not. I will defend the thesis that Canada’s multiculturalism
Social norms are the implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members. Implicit social norms are introduced to us at a very early age, and exert a powerful influence on our behavior into adulthood. Our culture is ruled by social norms. In many situations, people 's perception of these norms have a big influence on their behavior. Implicit social norms are not openly stated, but found out when disobeyed. Implicit rules are rules we conform to as a society, and generally these rules make living together more comfortable. Social norms are important because they define the nature of a group, clarify relationships among members, and express values. They are also important because they create cohesion within the society, and members of that society are very aware when such norms are violated. Social norms are often strictly enforced and offenders are often disliked for their conduct. Also, some norms are more strictly held to in certain situations than in
One psychological process underlying majority influence is through direct public compliance. The dual-process dependency model which was postulated by Deutsch and Gerard, (1955 in Hogg and Vaughan 2007) proposes two important motives for conformity: normative social influence and informational social influence. Normative social influence refers to the need to be accepted and approved by society. This involves individuals to modify their behaviours and to adopt new/current ones that are associated with the particular social group so that they are not rejected (in Hogg & Vaughan 2007). An example of this situation can be reflected in Asch’s (1956 in Baron et al. 2008) study of conformity in which participants conformed to the majority group but at the same time maintained their own private opinions and disagreed. This process is known as compliance (in Bailey, J.et al. 2008).
To come to understand why people act with deviant behavior, we must comprehend how society brings about the acceptance of basic norms. The “techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in a society” are called social control (Schaefer, 2009). As we respect and acknowledge these social norms we expect others to do so as well. Therefore, according to our behavior sanctions are carried out whether they are positive or negative. Conformity, which refers to “going along with peers, people of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior” (Schaefer, 2009), is one way social control occurs in a group level which influence the way we act. On the other hand, obedience is the compliance with a higher authority, resulting in social control at a societal level. The sanctions used to promote these factors can be informal and formal social control. Informal social control can be very casual in enforcing social norms by using body language or other forms of discipline, however formal social control is carried out by authorized agents when desired behavior is not obtained by informal sancti...
Cialdini, R. B., & Goldstein, N. J. (2004). SOCIAL INFLUENCE: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 591-621. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205845016?accountid=458
3. Clan control (informal control): involves mechanisms that create common goals, values, beliefs, and expectations about acceptable behaviour (e.g., socialization, rituals and ceremonies, shared ideologies, hiring and training practices).
Social control implies the deliberate attempt to change a person’s behavior so that, it conforms to the norms of society. There are two types of social control, indirect social control and direct social control. Indirect social control is the internalization of group norms though socialization. We conform to these norms because we want to. We do not want to disappoint our families, friends or significant other. Also threat of punishment is enough to get someone to conform to societal