Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
behavior modification in school classrooms
Advantages and disadvantages of cooperative learning
behavior modification chapter 3
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
Recommended: behavior modification in school classrooms
Education in the United States is a continuous source of controversy. How should the generations be taught? This is an extremely important and in depth issue that has many levels. Each level has its own disagreements. One particular level of education that has been researched is whether or not behavioral methods are effective enough to be used in the classroom to improve academic performance. As can be seen in the data included here, there are many forms of positive reinforcement contingencies that can be presented in the classroom. These may include social rewards, like acceptance and encouragement from peers, tangible rewards, like the token economy, or internally motivating rewards, like having a sense of self-efficacy and feeling confident and proud of a particular accomplishment. The studies included here investigate cooperative learning strategies and how behavioral methods relate to academic performance that way, the use of rewards for good or improved performance, and then finally how the removal of a punishing aspect of the classroom environment, like a teacher’s criticism can possibly improve academic performance.
Cooperative learning is one process that includes behavioral methods. A reward structure is included in cooperative learning technology. Rewards can include grades, teacher approval, or physical rewards. In order for a reward structure to be effective, the rewards must be presented to the student quickly after the desired behavior has occurred. What makes this type of reward structure particular to cooperative learning styles is that rewards are given based on how well a group has learned something as a whole. Each person in the group gets rewarded if and only if each individual person has learned the material sufficiently.
A second facet of cooperative learning includes positive goal interdependence and positive reward interdependence (Mesch, Johnson, & Johnson, 1987). Positive goal interdependence is when students perceive that they can achieve their goals if and only if the other students with whom they are cooperatively linked achieve their goals. Whereas, positive reward interdependence exists when each member of a cooperative learning group receives the same reward for successfully completing a joint task (Mesch, Johnson, & Johnson, 1987). Mesch, Johnson, and Johnson (1987) state that on the positive goal interdependence ...
... middle of paper ...
...76). Controlling personal rewards: Professional teachers’ differential
use of feedback and the effects of feedback on the student’s motivation to
perform. Journal of Educational Psychology, 69(4), 419-427.
Harris, A. M., & Covington, M. V. (1993). The role of cooperative reward
interdependency in success and failure. Journal of Experimental Education,
61(2), 151-168.
Leventhal, G. S., & Whiteside, H. D. (1973). Equity and the use of reward to elicit high performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 75-83.
Lew, M., Mesch, D., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (1986). Positive interdependence,
Academic and collaborative-skills group contingencies, and isolated students.
American Educational Research Journal, 23(3), 476-488.
Mesch, D., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. (1987). Impact of positive interdependence
and academic group contingencies on achievement. The Journal of Social
Psychology, 128(3), 345-352.
Rickard, H. C., Clements, C. B., & Willis, J. W. (1970). Effects of contingent
and noncontingent token reinforcement upon classroom performance.
Psychological Reports, 27(3), 903-908.
The case study titled "School Officials from Marshall Metro High School Attempt to Motivate Students & Teachers to Achieve Higher Performance" is about the different ways the school system used to motivate the students to come to school (Kinicki & Williams, 2013, p.405). It is also a good example of how rewards and behavior can affect the outcome of the situation.
While cannabis still has its own risks, it’s overall a much safer option to treat chronic pain. Plus, when patients take the correct strain and dose, it doesn’t get them high. Cannabidiol (CBD) is one of the non-psychoactive elements of cannabis that balances out THC—the psychoactive component. Many strains are meant to help relieve pain as well as improve mental clarity so patients can go about their daily lives. Compared to recreational users, patients need miniscule amounts of medical cannabis to obtain relief.
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings by Gabriel Garcia Marquez is a complex story about the author’s experience of poverty and hardship during the civil war in Colombia. Throughout Marquez’s late teen years, Colombia was plagued by social and economic problems. In 1946, Colombia’s problems grew into a violent rebellion that lasted for ten long years. “The violent war was named La Violencia or The Violence; it became the most bloodshed period in Colombia” (Bailey 4). Marquez’s choice of magic realism made it possible for him to place hidden messages in the story by creating a deeper connection to his readers. The intricate characters and scenes Marquez portrays in the story all have a significant relation on his emotions, his life, and his country during the tragic years of La Violencia.
The statement above means that they have been doing research about cooperative learning in educational psychology. According to them cooperative learning is a group with small amount of people that are working together to achieve learning goals.
...thus effecting them all. The pressure to conform was great. Theorist Lev Vgotsky’s studies would support the idea that Mr. Walmsley’s use of group reward and punishment helped to further the cooperative learning that the students began developing to live successfully in their environment (site).
Style: The typical Magical- Realistic story of García Márquez placed in a familiar environment where supernatural things take place as if they were everyday occurrences. Main use of long and simple sentences with quite a lot of detail. "There were only a few faded hairs left on his bald skull and very few teeth in his mouth, and his pitiful condition of a drenched great-grandfather took away and sense of grandeur he might have had" (589).
In Gabriel Garcia Marquez's "A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings" an angel symbolizes the unfamiliar. The angel is not just a celestial body, but a foreign body-someone who stands out as being different from the rest of society. Consequently, the angel draws attention to civilized society's reaction, ergo the community's reaction within the story when it confronts him. Using the angel as a symbol, Marquez shows how ignorance reveals the vulnerability of human nature often leading to uncivilized behaviour.
Through the 1970s, having students spend a majority of instructional time working individually was thought to be the key for developing them into strong individuals. In the early 1980s, however, support began to spread for a new method that emphasized the importance of peer interaction in both socialization and learning: cooperative learning. In An Educational Psychology Success Story: Social Interdependence Theory and Cooperative Learning, Johnson and Johnson (2009) explore social interdependence theory and its application to education in the form of cooperative learning. Social interdependence exists when the accomplishment of an individual person’s goals is directly influenced by the actions of others. According to Johnson and Johnson (2009), social interdependence theory “provides a conceptual framework to organize thinking about cooperation and competition, summarize what is known, and generate research studies” (p.375). Cooperative learning focuses on Johnson and Johnson’s (2009) idea of positive interdependence, in which individuals see the attainment of their own goals as being directly related to the attainment of the goals of other individuals on their cooperative team and therefore cooperation is key in achievi...
Behavior Modification and it Application to a Variety of Behaviors Within in an Educational Setting
There are 24 undergraduate students that re conducting this research. The objective of this course was to introduce the students to social science research methods. The research begun at the start of the semester and the instructor groups the students in four to six people for the purpose of this research and this group remained consistent throughout the semester. When the students started they were assigned a number code and that was grouped that they would be working with. Each student individually completed a set of questions and these questions evaluated each group member performance in the group exercises. The independent variable in this study was the involvement of cooperative learning. Over the course of four months students were given a variety of research exercises related to their project and the task were: purpose research questions, design a methodology to answer questions, collect and analyze data, and discuss findings. Johnson (1991), suggested that in the process of cooperative leaning is has seven components. These components are group processing, motivation, competition, dependability, accountability, interactivity and the use of collaborative skills. Group processing was measured by the student’s ability to provide constructive feedback with the other group members. Motivation was measured by the student’s desire to take part in the activity. Competition is measured by how much the
The application of collaborative learning strategies is a process in which two or more students work together. Collaborative strategies will be used in planning, translating and reviewing the education process to form student learning through group-oriented activities. This source will also be useful in lesson planning to help explain how collaborative learning strategies in the classroom will help students in the learning process improve by interaction; how positive interdependence of collaborative learning leads to common responsibility; how collaborative learning builds students’ self-esteem, and confidence in students. This application recommends that collaborative learning strategies can be implemented with Jig-saw technique as well as in learning technology which can be accessible to all participants working in cooperative groups (Iqbal, Kousar, and Ajmal, 2011).
...eadth or depth of coverage. Some other criticisms of cooperative learning are the presence of hitch hikers, students who may be too shy, passive, or unmotivated to get involved with the group, or dominant personalities that inhibit group work as when their high standards or intense involvement excludes their teammates. Some students may not participate if they believe it will negatively impact the group grade. In order to remedy this some methods to encourage participation would be to assign roles. This gives the student a responsibility and also it would be the responsibility of other group members to involve him. Changing group dynamics be changed by increasing interdependence, social skills procedure, processing and individual accountability may also improve the situation. If all else fails it may be best to break up the group and let some people work alone.
There are different methods of teaching, in addition to cooperative, such as competitive and individualistic. In competitive learning, students are graded on a curve, which means they have to work against each other and try to work faster and more accurately than their fellow students. In individualistic learning, students work towards goals that are separate from their peers. When working on their own, they can work on their own pace, and work for their own set of goals. (Johnson 104). When using cooperative learning, it includes characteristics of both individualistic and competitive learning. In order for a cooperative learning environment to be most effective, there needs to be group rewards along with individual accountability. When each individual succeeds in their group, the group is rewarded; this prevents certain students from dominating the work. There are different methods for cooperative learning that incorporate individual and group rewards. One such method is Student Teams– Achievement Divisions (STAD). With motivation to win, the groups compete ag...
Collaborative learning is a situation where two or more people attempt to learn something together. Dillenbourg, P. (1999). Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, (born in 1986), introduced his theory that, human development—child development as well as the development of all human kind—is the result of interactions between people and their social environments. What this states is that the development of a “higher education” is the product of comparing and contrasting ideas of others ultimately to conclude a solution to a problem as a whole or group. Everyone’s input in a collaborative situation will play a role in final solution.
Cooperative learning is learning that occurs when students work in small groups to help each other learn (educational psychology). Throughout my years in the U.S. educational system, I have taken part in cooperative learning system. At times, I have found that it works very well each group member contributes information to the project or the worksheet and we learn off of each other. Other times, I have found that cooperative leaning doesn’t work. I will go in to more detail about why the cooperative learning does and does not work later in this paper. First, I would like to go in to more detail about what cooperative learning is.