America is the land of opportunity, but to be fully qualified for the status, it needs to be “color-blind, race-blind, and gender-blind.” Affirmative Action began as a way to stop discrimination, but as new laws have been added to it, it has become reverse discrimination. Everyone has the opportunity to be a great addition to society. It is an immense injustice for people to say that someone of a different race or gender is not capable of achieving the same status in life as a white male. Through this paper, the concepts of affirmative action will be analyzed and discussed.
Affirmative Action began in 1965 when President Johnson signed the Executive Order 11246 in to law. The Executive Order 11246 “prevents Federal contractors from discriminating against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” This is when the phrase ‘affirmative action’ was first used, because it “requires federal contractors to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are not discriminated against based on race color, religion, sex, or national origin.” When Affirmative Action was created, it only included minorities. In 1967, Johnson decided to expand the program to include women, because women have received some of the same discrimination as men in the workplace.
There were also earlier laws that were passed to ensure equal rights. The 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1965 Voting Rights Act are two examples of these laws, but they were a little behind considering the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments to the Constitution were passed much earlier. The Fourteenth amendment guarantees equal protection under the law and the Fifteenth amendment forbid racial discrimination in access to voting. Also, there was the 1866 Civil Rights Act, which was passed one hundred years earlier to ensure equal rights to all men.3
Secretary George Schultz and Arthur Fletcher, a top deputy, were the architects of some federal hiring and contracting regulations that added to the Affirmative Action regulations. In 1969, Schultz and Fletcher created these regulations under the Nixon administration to “redress the unfair treatment of minorities and women in the workplace.”4 Even though America is the land of freedom, minorities and women did not fully receive these freedoms until the mid 1960’s.
The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs...
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...been a short-term solution to discrimination, but it has out lived its benefits. It is now encouraging reverse discrimination by setting quotas on the number of minorities required for a firm, contract, or school. America is now ready to become a color-blind society, and judge people on them, not their race or gender.
Works Cited
The Census Bureau. www.census.gov. December 2, 2000
Executive Order 11246 - Equal Employment Opportunity (1965. 30 Fed. Reg. 12319)
Harris, John F. and Kevin Merida. “On Affirmative Action, New Perspectives Strain Old
Alliances.” Washington Post. April 5, 1995, page A01-2.
Morin, Richard and Sharon Warden. “Americans Vent Anger at Affirmative Action.”
Washington Post. March 24, 1995, A01.
The Origins of Affirmative Action. www.now.org. December 2, 2000.
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 438 U.S. 265 (1978)
Vote 96. www.vote96.ss.ca.gov/vote96/html/209/. November 13, 2000. www.idfla.com/209/. December 1, 2000. www.idfla.com/tdemog/html December 1, 2000.
Mr. Eric Davis gained his interest for anatomy from a young age. His father was a college professor and his sister became a doctor. Growing up he was constantly surrounded by medical personnel, but he never made a solid decision that he wanted to follow these careers until his sophomore year
Affirmative action is a label for a large range of programs, but all of these methods began for one reason: as a way to fight racism. There were voluntary efforts and mandatory laws enacted in order to accomplish this feat (Wu par 6). It was begun under President Johnson with the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and was followed by his Executive Order 11246, both of which emphasized the fair treatment and employment of minorities. Two years later, women were added to the list. Today affirmative action benefits women, racial and ethnic groups, and the physically, mentally or emotionally disabled to the detriment of white males (“affirmative action” par 1). Due to affirmative action’s efforts, doors have been opened allowing for the equalizing of opportunity in the United States, seen in the types of people working in places such as police and fire departments, as w...
Considering the common definition of intelligence, which is that it “…represents the ability to solve problems” (Sternberg 712), the creature is showing very high-level functioning. No one has shown the creature how to solve this problem or how to even begin approaching making this display is almost oddly instinctual. The creature’s intelligence should be tied to the richness of his environment and the quality of schooling he receives; this is something that is suggested both by the tabula rasa, which places very high importance on teaching, but also current research; neglected children, such as ones that are feral, often have problems communicating and reasoning in an abstract manner. Even in low socioeconomic environments children experience profound effects; a study on the effects of lone motherhood found that “for the most part, household and community circumstances seem linear in their effects on mothers’ reports of child difficulties; for example, as deprivation increases, the likelihood of reported difficulties also increases” (Zagel 13). Considering how utterly deprived the creature’s early environment was it is already impressive that he could achieve basic functionality. However, he doesn 't just function but does it at a higher level than some humans; when hearing the language lessons given to Safie, the
Affirmative action started in the 1960’s as a way to end discrimination against African American and later all minorities - including women. By migrating people of all color into workplaces and colleges/universities seemed to be the suitable solution to diversify our nation. Although blacks had been freed for a 100 years, they continually struggled with segregation. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 banned the segregation of all sort in the United States, however that was not enough. Congress mandated the affirmative action program as a plan of desegregation. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy made reference to this plan, but it was not until September 1965 that it was enforced by President Lyndon Johnson. The program affected federal jobs, to include federal contracting company, and universities. In order to receive federal funding, each entity had to hire and enroll minorities. Affirmative action was a good jump start to get our nation to where it is today. However, affirmative action should not be continued because it is a form of discrimination, it is more harmful than helpful, and it supplements race or gender for one’s qualification.
Affirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century America. Discrimination could no longer be tolerated and the Unites States government had an obligation to encourage equality at all levels of the social infrastructure. The main type of discrimination being addressed by Affirmative Action programs was racial discrimination. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines racism as: ‘a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.’ The Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited discrimination of any kind, laid the foundation for the introduction of Affirmative Action programs. In 1965, Lyndon Johnson signed an executive order requiring government contractors to diversify its staff by hiring more members of the minorities. President Nixon implemented a system in which the government could monitor the progress being made by businesses in hiring minorities. Eventually, high level educational institutions would also see the need for Affirmative Action and the benefits of a diverse student body. Affirmative Action was designed to overcome the issue of discrimination in education and the workplace by giving less fortunate members of the minority an opportunity to level the playing field and achieve success similar to that of their counterparts in the majority. Affirmative Action programs, which encourage the inclusion of minorities in education and at all levels in the workplace, are vital in the effort to eradicate discrimination and provide equal opportunity.
Then in 1964 the Civil Rights Act was passed which prohibited employment discrimination based on race or sex. The Civil Rights activists continued to argue that minorities weren't going to be able to compete with the more qualified applicants after having suffered discrimination for so long. So in 1969 President Nixon made it a federal policy that a certain percentage of minorities must be hired in the workplace. Quickly affirmative action changed from being a policy that ensured equal opportunity to being one that gave unfair advantages to minorities.
Both are essential elements that complement each other while cooperating within the scope of nursing practice and the definition of nursing. In addition, Meehan (2009) states her definition of nursing, “modern nursing is a dynamic career, providing an incredibly board range of opportunities and a real chance to have an interesting successful career that makes a real difference to other people’s lives” (p.1). Meehan’s definition of nursing talks about having the ability to have a real difference in someone’s life that is exactly where the nursing art and science aspect comes in. In reference to Jasmine (2009) who is able to provide support on why nursing can be viewed as an art, a science, and the combination of the two. Nursing is described as a “complex union of art and science” (Jasmine, 2009, p. 415). All through Nightingale’s chapters of her book she integrated the arts and science of nursing; for example back in chapter two there were five aspects of keeping a clean home. The aspects would be the science part. When something requires the attention to be cleaned is when the art aspect comes in. The nurse taking care of the patients wants her patient to get better. Take precautions and keeping the rooms clean up to Nightingale’s standard. There is no exact clear-cut definition of what the integration of art and nursing is in every situation, however it is there and present in all
In the novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, a man driven by the desire to create something bigger than mankind with the use of science ends up creating a creature he, as well as others, perceive as a monster. Even after two hundred years since the day it was published, Frankenstein still plays a major role in English literature today and incorporates a theme that is still very frequent in today’s society, nature versus nurture. The nature versus nurture dispute is over whether a being’s conduct is based off their environment, such as parental guidance, during their life, or if it is determined by genetics. Mary Shelley addresses this theme by allowing the reader to choose who is responsible for the wrongdoing done by the creature’s hands, Frankenstein
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Today there is considerable disagreement in the country over Affirmative Action with the American people. MSNBC reported a record low in support for Affirmative Action with 45% in support and 45% opposing (Muller, 2013). The affirmative action programs have afforded all genders and races, exempting white males, a sense of optimism and an avenue to get the opportunities they normally would not be eligible for. This advantage includes admission in colleges or hiring preferences with public and private jobs; although Affirmative Action has never required quotas the government has initiated a benefits program for the schools and companies that elect to be diversified. The advantages that are received by the minorities’ only take into account skin color, gender, disability, etc., are what is recognized as discriminatory factors. What is viewed as racism to the majority is that there ar...
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