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The Invention and Impact of The Computer Mouse
If you ask people to name one of the most important technologies of the twentieth century, one of the answers would most certainly be the computer. A computer, however, is not a technology all to itself. Many other technologies went into the modern home computers of today, including the mouse. Douglas C. Engelbart, a worker at the SRI (Stanford Research Institute), invented the mouse in 1964. However, the process of the invention of the mouse was not instantaneous and without effect on the realm of computing and society. In this paper I will be examining the problems that had to be overcome and the technologies that had to be invented for the mouse to become a reality. It also analyzes the impacts it has had on society and the computer industry.
Both economic and technological hindrances slowed the acceptance of the mouse as a main input device. From the economic viewpoint of the SRI lab, for which Engelbart was working, the funding necessary for such technological undertakings was not available. The price of computers was a major factor in the mouse's slow acceptance. One of the technological problems that mice had to overcome was the fact that most computers and programs did not support the use of the mouse. Another problem that confronted mice is that they were most useful under a GUI (Graphical User Interface) operating system. At the time few existed on the market.
Lack of funding was the main reason the mouse's existence was in jeopardy. While working on the preliminary research and development of the mouse, Engelbart discovered that they could not afford to bring in outside experience and resources that were necessary for the project. The funds that he had...
... middle of paper ...
...y future job field of computers would be significantly affected without the invention of the mouse.
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The use of computer technology has revolutionized many parts of today’s society. Everywhere one looks there is the use of computers. In most cases, computers are extremely beneficial to many people in various occupations and even in their personal lives. In one way or another, the use of computer technology can be linked to almost every occupation in the world.
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A mouse is a device, or computer peripheral, lets a user control a cursor that allows data to be manipulated without having to use complicated keyboard commands. The mouse, though probably named mouse because of its appearance, was originally called an X0Y Position Indicator. Douglas Englebart, who worked for Stanford Research Institute, in 1963, invented the mouse, as we know today. The device didn’t become widely used an appreciated until 1973, when Xerox applied it to their Alto computer system. The mouse was also widely used in Apple computers and is now found on every computer today (Computer Hardware, www.computerhope.com/help/mouse.htm).
Computers technology has a huge impact throughout our social world and economy. A computer is an electronic device that is used for storing and processing data for purposes of work (Forester, 1988). It helps operate work automatically for people. Multiple modifications and new build- INS in this technology have affected our environment and the way people use it today (Schoenherr). Computers started from the simplest technology to models that could perform increasingly complex tasks. It first started with the vacuum tube, then the transistor, next was the IC computer, the microprocessor, and overtime came the present and beyond which included the Apple Macintosh (Johnson, 2003).
The original user interfaces for computers were command line interfaces. These were useful, but it was really hard to learn since the user had to know text command to accomplish anything. After the command line, an intermediate step in user interface development was the non-graphical menu based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to type in complicated keyboard commands (5). In 1984, Apple launched the Macintosh, it was the first affordable home computer that used a graphical user interface and a mouse. A short while later, Microsoft developed Windows, a GUI operating system for a PC. Although these were the first home computers to use a GUI, Apple and Microsoft were not the first to invent it. Steve Jobs, one of the founders of Apple, saw some of the potential in the graphical user interface visiting Xerox. Some say that is where Jobs got his ideas for the GUI found o...
In the early 1900’s many different types of computers and parts to a computer were invented. For example, in 1936, Konrad Zuse made the first freely programmable computer. Seven years later, John Atanasoff & Clifford Berry invented the ABC Computer. Later on, in 1962, Steven Russell & MIT created the first computer game “Spacewar Computer Game”. Two years later, Douglas Engelbart was the one to invent the computer mouse and windows. This was a major invention because now many people were able to use the computer easily and in that time period, faster.
The personal computer underwent drastic changes with the introduction to advanced computing software and hardware. The evolution of computers did not develop on its own; key influential figures such as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates led the revolution of technology. These well-known individuals competed with each other by continually innovating and creating more and more advanced technology. Computer technology moved forward when Intel created 64-bit technology and advanced kernels to compliment the upgrade in processing power. Not only is the evolution of computer technology in itself relevant for modern study, but the adoption of computers for use in other fields of study, such as engineering and architecture, was produced through this revolution. The evolution of a simple concept expanded the proficiencies of the personal computer due to competition between companies at an attempt to control the market. Through fighting each other for dominance over which company was the best, computer companies changed the way society interacted with each other and implemented the personal computer into other forms of study such as Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics (STEM); this was made possible because of the development of computer hardware and software. The greatest contribution to the innovation of the personal computer was not changed by a single person, but was byproduct of competitors in the technology world. The most recognized battle between companies over innovation in technology would be Apple verses Microsoft.
Statistics would certainly show that the use of a computer would indeed start with some form of an input device. In unit one of the textbook; Introduction to Computer Science, the computer mouse is categorized as being an input hardware device; which is “devices that translate data into a form the computer can process) (McGraw-Hill P257).” Correspondingly, “The two principal input devices are the keyboard ($10-$400) and the mouse ($5-$400) (McGraw-Hill P30).” Most mice today would be classified as being optical mice because they tend to use light beams and distinctive chips to translate information intended for the computer. Any individual could identify an optical mouse because it does not have moving parts, it would ...
...t, noticeable improvements in problem detection and product designs and attributed those improvements to the use of 3D mice
Pointing devices are used depend on the types of task to perform in the computer. For example, joystick is often used to control play games. Digitizer tablet and light pen is used for drawing new images or tracing old images. It is usually used for drawing maps and engineering design. However, the most commonly used pointing devices nowadays are the mouse and touch screen. Mouse has four types which are mechanical, optical, touch sensitive and wireless mou...
Computer technology has had a great effect on society as a whole throughout history. It has modified our behavior greatly as we have become accustomed to the technological advancements of yesterday. We are so dependent sometimes we do not even have a concept of what life would be like without computers. When we are forced to live life without computers we are left hopeless and disillusioned and simple everyday tasks become major chores. Computers of the past were very primitive compared to the computers of today but extremely useful. One of the very first computers of major importance was the abacus that was developed by Chinese and later made more portable by the Greeks The Abacus was used for more than 2000 years and made life easier for many. It was used as a calculator, as today, to simplify computations of small or large figures. This gave many people increased free time while maintaining the current economic status within their society. Another important device of this time was the astrolabe. The astrolabe was used for the navigation of ships and allowed sailors to draw maps based on astrological calculation. This helped many sailors and explorers find many new and uncharted lands, which eventually led to the European colonization of North America. During the 1600's there was a surge of inventors conjuring up many new ideas. In 1642, Blaise Pascal was accredited for inventing the first digital calculating machine which could only add. This invention was not for himself, but for his father, who worked hard as a tax collector. The first digital calculator started a whole new line of calculating devices that could not only add but divide, multiply, and subtract. This task was not accomplished until 1820 by Charles Xavier Thomas. The introduction of punch cards, in the late 1800's, automated data entry resulting in many jobs lost that would have been available to the average worker. Punch cards were first used in the 1890 census. This not only reduced the amount of workers but also the amount of human error that could have occurred in previous census. The use of punch cards did not end there. Punch cards were greatly improved by IBM, that successfully provided mechanical automation of data entry. This was done by using spinning wheels to process 50 to 250 cards per a minute. This again sadly eliminated many jobs but continued the development of the computing industry.
Modern society heavily depends on the abilities of computers, Information Technology, and information processing. As such, since access to information occurs mainly through digital means and media, the way information is arranged and presented on the screen is crucial. Because of this need for fast access and easy arrangement arose, in the early 1980s, companies started to work on various graphical user interfaces (or GUI for short). Most dictionaries define a GUI as ‘a way of arranging information on a computer screen that is easy to understand and use because it uses icons, menus and a mouse rather than only text.’ Introducing such software allowed a human-computer interaction on a visual plane, and took computing to an entirely new level of experience. The first GUI started to emerge, as stated above, in the early 1980s, and within the last 3 decades have completely dominated the way in which human-computer communication occurs. Although some sources argue about it, it is acknowledged that the first company to use a proper graphical user interface was Apple. In 1984 they released the Macintosh computer, which used a graphical system to present information on the screen using boxes and taskbars, and utilized a revolutionary pointer device, now widely known as the mouse. Following this event, other companies started releasing their versions of GUI based operating systems, until in 1995 Microsoft presented Windows 95, which soon became a dominant power on the market, and along with its later installments, led Microsoft to be the IT giant of the 20th century. Since its appearance, the GUI have greatly influenced the IT-centered society, and the role computing and digital devices play in its growth.
The computer evolution has been an amazing one. There have been astonishing achievements in the computer industry, which dates back almost 2000 years. The earliest existence of the computer dates back to the first century, but the electronic computer has only been around for over a half-century. Throughout the last 40 years computers have changed drastically. They have greatly impacted the American lifestyle. A computer can be found in nearly every business and one out of every two households (Hall, 156). Our Society relies critically on computers for almost all of their daily operations and processes. Only once in a lifetime will a new invention like the computer come about.