Cesaire's A Tempest Clarifies Shakespeare's The Tempest
"Negritude, originally a literary and ideological movement of French-speaking black intellectuals, reflects an important and comprehensive reaction to the colonial situation of European colonization" (Carlberg). This movement, which influenced Africans as well as blacks around the world, specifically rejects the political, social, and moral domination of the West. Leopold Senghor, Leon Damas, and Aime Cesaire are the three pioneers of the revolution. The founder who expresses his ideas more broadly, though, is Cesaire, who uses literary works to express his viewpoint on colonization. An excellent example of such a tactic is his play, A Tempest, which is a revision of William Shakespeare's The Tempest. Both Shakespeare and Cesaire accentuate the greed of Europeans in their plays. However, Cesaire is more obvious in his approach to exposing it. A comparison of the two plays demonstrates that Cesaire's version, written in the late 1960's, is written as a confrontation of Shakespeare's play. He is attempting to comment on the corruption of Colonialism and the European domination of the New World through such strategies as making seemingly minor changes, switching the main character role, and altering the storyline itself.
Incorporating alterations such as ethical changes, using different language, and the change in title may seem ineffective initially, but close reading proves that Cesaire uses these strategies as his reaction to European colonialism. Because it was written in the 1600's, a time when European domination of the East was present and blacks were nothing more than servants, William Shakespeare's play does not include, nor mention black...
... middle of paper ...
... Theories of Colonialism & Postcolonialism", Brown Univ. 1993
Available: http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/poldiscourse/negritude.html
Cesaire, Aime. A Tempest. Trans. Richard Miller. New York: UBU, 1992.
Davis, Gregson. Aime Cesaire. United Kingdom : Cambridge Univ. Press, 1997.
Dayan, Joan. "Playing Caliban; Cesaireís Tempest." Arizona Ouarterly. 48.4 (1942): 125-145.
Shakespeare, William. The Tempest. Ed. Frank Kermode. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1958.
Works Consulted
Breitman, George. The Bible. Malcolm X Speaks; Selected Speeches and Statements. New York: Pathfinder, 1989.
Neilson, Francis. Shakespeare and The Tempest. New Hampshire: Richard C. Smith Inc., 1956.
West, Cornel. Race Matters. New York: Vintage, 1992.
Wood, Joe, ed. Malcolm X: In Our Own Image. New York: St. Martins, 1992.
Goldman, Peter. The Death and Life of Malcolm X. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
X, Malcolm, and Alex Haley. The Autobiography of Malcolm X. New York: Ballantine, 1999. Print.
X, Malcolm. The Autobiography of Malcolm X: As told to Alex Haley. New York: Ballantine Books, 1992
Fatty acids such as linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidonic acid are known as essential fatty acid because they cannot be synthesized in the body so must be supplied in the food. Human being lacks the ability to introduce double bonds in fatty acids beyond carbons 9 & 10. About 20 different fatty acids are synthesized from the two essential fatty acids linoleic acid and linolenic acid. Omega three fatty acid is synthesized from linolenic acid and omega six fatty acid is synthesized from linolic acid.
Peter, G. (2013). THE DEATH AND LIFE OF MALCOLM X. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Rochman, Hazel. "The Story of Malcolm X: Civil Rights Leader." Booklist, no. 12, 1994, p.
Categorizing and creating inequality among groups of people is inherent in human nature. Lorde’s statement demonstrates that this cycle of oppression is inherent in human nature. Her belief of standing in solidarity with the oppressed is not only prevalent in modern feminism, but also in 19th century colonialism, racial tensions throughout the 1900s, and more. For example, Martinician political activist Aimé Césaire adapted Shakespeare’s The Tempest in order to depict the racial tensions throughout the 1900s, and demonstrate the eternal impact of inequality on the oppressed and the oppressors. He shows that marginalizing specific groups only leads to negative outcomes for society as a whole. Césaire deliberately illustrates the mental demise of the oppressor, Prospero, to depict the negative impact oppression has even on the ‘free.’ Through this dark portrayal, Césaire captivated an unjust society and demonstrated the error of their ways. Lorde’s quote exemplifies these ideals regarding racial inequality illustrated in the mid 20th century. Thus, it demonstrates the perpetual cycle of oppression that humans undergo. Inequality creates unrest for all of society regardless of whether it is regarding race, gender, or any other type of group. Thus, both Césaire and Lorde promote solidarity to eliminate social conflict and instill
The study of Shakespeare’s The Tempest raises many questions as to its interpretation. Many believe that this play shows Shakespeare’s views on the colonization of the new world whereas others believe that this is a play about the ever elusive “Utopian Society”. I believe that this is a play about the European views of society and savagery at that time. I also believe that, if this is true, the play doesn’t portray a “conventional” view of native peoples. Shakespeare shows this by having Prospero, the rightful duke of Milan and Usurping ruler of the island, call Caliban,
one by one, we all piled in to the living room and thankfully my mom
“The Tempest” is a play written by William Shakespeare in early 1600s that has been previewed in different kinds of movies, such as the one made in 2010, directed by Julie Taymor. It is a play containing themes such as; revenge, allusion, retribution, forgiveness, power, love and hatred. When it is compared to the play, there are specific differences seen in the movie, such as; Prospero is reflected as a woman in the movie. The time differences between the play and the movie and how the spirit Ariel is shown as a white man in the movie. The play starts with the story of Prospero, the Duke of Milan. He gets banished from Italy and was cast to sea by his brother Antonio. He has perfected his skills during twelve years of exile on a lonely island. Prospero creates the tempest to make his enemies’ ship to wreck and lead them to the island. Meanwhile, Antonio takes Prospero’s place and starts to make everyone believe he is the duke and makes an agreement with the King of Naples, Alonso. Besides the drama happening in the island, Prospero forgives Alonso and the others.
Our lives are a gift from God and all life on our planet is given by
William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest, arguably his finest work, on the eve of European colonization of the New World in 1611 (Hollander and Kermode 445-46). As a result, common European ideas about the New World in the early 1600s are alluded to throughout the play (446). Through the propagandistic writings of explorers like Captain John Smith, who authored a sensational and unsubstantiated account of his dramatic rescue from death at the hands of Indians by the Indian chiefís beautiful daughter, Pocahontas, many Europeans developed an interest in the inhabitants of the New World (Smith 24-25). Indeed, from the various explorers' stories that trickled hack to Europe, two different viewpoints surfaced concerning the natives in America (Hollander and Kermode 446). These two different viewpoints in Shakespeare's play are represented by the characters Ariel, who represents the compliant, friendly native, and Caliban, who represents the native as a wild savage. In 1969, Aime Cesaire published A Tempest, a play which uses Shakespeare's play as a model. Whereas Shakespeare writes from a European point of view about the New World on the eve of colonization, Cesaire, who was born on the Caribbean island of Martinique in 1913 and, thus, is a native of the "New World," writes from over 300 years of hindsight about the effects of European colonization. While one aspect of Shakespeare's genius in The Tempest is his reticence (Hollander and Kermode 444), part of Cesaire's genius in A Tempest is his overt accentuation of certain nuances found in Shakespeare's play. Thus, Cesaire, employing Shakespeare's play as a paradigm. accentuates the ugly consequences of Europeís colonization of the New Worl...
The Tempest by William Shakespeare, is full of symbolism, imagery, and point of view; throughout the play Shakespeare uses these literary devices to convey a message of betrayal, forgiveness, and lessons learned. In the first act, Prospero uses his magic to create a storm that shipwrecks the King of Naples on the island. Like the storm, Prospero's anger is apparent; yet he never wants to do any real harm to the crew. The crew is safely washed ashore on to what seems to be the ideal utopia. Prospero is not an evil guy, he may be controlling and bitter, but only because he lost his dukedom, to his own family. The purpose for his actions essentially lead to forgiveness and a lesson learned by Antonio and Alonso. In the end everyone seems to get what they deserve.
Fatty acids are another type of lipid. The common feature of fatty acids is that they are all esters of moderate to long chain fatty acids. Two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linoleic, are designated "essential" because their absence in the human diet has been associated with health problems, such as scaly skin, stunted growth and increased dehydration. These acids are also precursors to the prostaglandins, a family of physiologically potent lipids present in minute amounts in most body tissues.
Then my dad rang my sister and organised for us to be picked up at the