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effects of stereotypes
effects of stereotypes
effects of stereotypes
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After September 11th, 2001, millions of Americans feared for their safety, prayed for sanity and searched for a scapegoat. According to Laura Fokkena in the article "Are you a Terrorist, or Do You Play One on T.V.?," America has certainly found its black sheep. The article attacks a discriminating nation that, according to the text, has created an Arab/Muslim stereotype to fit its own needs. Has America truly added fuel to the injustice fire or simply attempting to watch over its own?
For centuries America has discriminated against minorities who either refuse to speak or don't have a voice. Fokkena attempts to speak on the behalf of the Arab Americans who do not fit the mold as Jasmine, princess from Aladdin or Muhammed Bahrib, extremist from Afghanistan. She argues that not only is the portrayal inaccurate but it continues to surface in all aspects of American culture including mass media. The spoofed Arab terrorist is not the only bone Fokkena has to pick with today's society. As our president and his faithful subjects prepare to rid the world of terrorists, they become just as disturbing as the next human bomb. Not only does our government denounce racial profiling but it participates in the process as well. In an effort to locate active terrorists in America, the Bush administration asks to interview 5000 men of Arab descent according to the text. Fokkena undeniably feels that if no one else will speak against the injustice than it becomes a must on her agenda.
In an effort to make a strong argument in her own favor, Fokkena makes the same error other writers make. In that she forgets to state the contrasting point in several argument. Her introduction that attacks the classic Disney film Aladdin, she introduces he...
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...cluded. Furthermore, Fokkena's cry for change from the federal government is a commitment indeed. Since the government feels passionate that racial profiling is a great start, which Fokkena adds, the problem lies beneath. There shall not be satisfaction in using a constant variable as a strategy to aid homeland security or any other measure for that matter. The strength of a nation has been tested as it searches for someone to blame, the finger never finds its way back home.
All in all, Fokkena attempts to make a very powerful argument against Arab stereotyping in media and racial profiling. Even though her findings show distinct weak spots, she doesn't fail to prove that there is a serious issue when a nation moves speedily from one minority to another in discrimination. Until supporters understand the urgency of the topic, her piece will forever be solitary.
September 11, 2001 will be replayed and remembered in the minds of this American generation as one of the greatest tragedies on domestic soil. In one day, the world was dramatically altered; but in the days that followed, no group of Americans was affected more intensely nor uniquely than Arab-Americans. Once in a Promised Land, the 2007 novel by Laila Halaby, depicts the real world aftermath which assaulted one fictional Arab couple. Halaby's work accurately portrays the circumstances Arab-Americans found themselves in after the 9/11 attacks, highlighting several themes relating to patriotism, fear, and shame through her accessible characters and narrative stylings.
The attitudes toward Muslims today have not changed significantly since September 11, 2001. Any Muslim person; man, woman, or child is automatically suspect to instigate pandemonium, based strictly on their appearance and faith. Regardless of any evidence, reasoning, or perspective to the contrary, Muslims are seen as an enemy to United States citizens. The events of 9/11 left Muslim Americans unceremoniously lacking any respect from U.S. citizens regardless of any affiliation with Al-Qaida. We assess Muslim people with a common image of terror. We see the turban or hijab and assume a terrorist is hidden within its folds. Our mentalities inevitably come to a paralyzing halt, and we can never see through the fabric of the religious garments. When we see any one of these people, one person comes to mind, and that is the person who attacked our country. Today, in our nations cities and towns these arrogances still exist forcefully. Muslim people are still profoundly victimized and discriminated against by the means of assumption and negative mental sets. In the novel Zeitoun, author Dave Eggers takes time to assess the spitefulness encountered by Kathy and Abdulrahman Zeitoun, along with narrating the family’s endeavors with hurricane Katrina. Zeitoun presents racial differences in America, primarily in New Orleans, by discussing how they are created and the ways in which they exist today.
Toby, Jackson. “Racial Profiling Doesn’t Prove Cops are Racist.” Wall Street Journal (March 1999). N. pag. Online. AT&T Worldnet. Internet. 30 Nov 2000. Available: www.frontpagemag.com/archives/racerelations/toby3-11-99.htm
On September 11, 2001, since the terrorist attacks, many American Muslims have been stereotyped negatively in the United States. Salma, a Muslim woman, says that the way Muslims have been recognized in the media has played a big role in the antagonisms directed to her. “I don’t know how many time I heard my classmates accuse me of being al-Qaeda or a terrorist” (Mayton 2013). Salma, along with other Muslims, even after a decade, are still struggling with trying to find their “American” and “Islamic” identities, while facing verbal attacks for their ethnicity. Too often, the general Muslin population gets lumped in with the immoral acts of a few because of the lack of knowledge about their culture.
Has the New York Times negatively stereotyped Arab Muslims for the past forty years? The goal of this research project is to reveal the negative stereotypes directed towards Arab Muslims in the New York Times. The critical focus of the research is the consistency of the negative stereotypes. The underlying focus is what theoretical and historical effects result from the negative stereotypes.
Sabbagh, S. J., & American Arab Anti Discrimination Committee, W. C. (1990). Sex, Lies, & Stereotypes: The Image of Arabs in American Popular Fiction. ADC Issue Paper No. 23. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
... another post 9/11. Furthermore, through both Amaney Jamal excerpt Civil Liberties and the Otherization of Arab and Muslim Americans (chapter four), and Nadine Naber excerpt Arab Americans and U.S. Racial Formations (Introduction), we see just how this clash came about pre and post 9/11. That while the aftermath of 9/11 saw the rise in the racialization of Muslim and Arab Americans, we must not forget that these groups of people were not so much invisible due to the fact that America (i.e. “dominant mainstream” (Jamal 119)) has always viewed those they deem as “other” (i.e. minority) as inferior. Due to this framework, they have racialized any group of people that are not considered American as “other.” However (as stated) following an event like 9/11, the racialization of Muslims and Arabs Americans became perpetuated more so; and at an even more dangerous level.
Racial profiling is the most idiotic and arrogant thing you can ever do as a person. Usually the people who are affected by racial profiling are minorities, however, any person can be a victim of racial profiling. Some may think that racial profiling is non-existent, however, I would like to bring the situation into focus and show that it is still in existence and has been observed in the past and now in the current year. Although, more than fifty percent of the time racial profiling is conducted it is against a man or woman of color; an African-American in other words. There are instances where a white person can be a victim as well. Trying not to say that there isn't any person out there that is exempted from racial profiling, because there isn't a single person who is just exempted from this cruel method of decision making. In my essay I will talk about racial profiling and what it is, however, you can't forget about where it happens and of course why. Several resolutions will be discussed in this essay to alleviate this problem.
Sherman Alexie’s Flight Patterns, which discusses racial stereotypes, relates to the effects of 9/11 on American citizens, who tend to inappropriately judge Muslim and other cultures in the world today. Although 9/11 was a horrible day, it still should not be used to categorize and stereotype people. Stereotypes do nothing but harm to the people who receive it and to the people who dish it out.
Movies, one can argue, are one of America’s greatest pastimes. Unfortunately, after 9/11, films have become increasingly prejudiced against American Muslims. In movies Muslims are frequently portrayed negatively. According to James Emery, a professor of Anthropology, Hollywood profits off of “casting individuals associated with specific negative stereotypes”. This is due to the fact that viewers automatically link characters with their clichéd images (Emery). For Muslims, the clichéd image is of the violent fundamentalist, who carried out the terroristic attacks on 9/11. As a result, the main stereotypes involved in movies display Muslims as extremists, villains, thieves, and desert nomads. An example of a movie that has such a negative character role for Muslims in film is Disney’s cartoon Aladdin, depict...
Finally, we as a nation need to educate ourselves in the reality of the effects that racial profiling can have on individuals and keep in mind what is taught to us as young children that we cannot judge a book by its cover. We are all entitled to the same rights and freedom regardless of our ethnicity and color of our skin and until proven otherwise we should not live in fear of being targeted by those sworn to protect us just because the color of our skin.
...al profiling. Today, people accept the stereotypes of Mexicans, Blacks, Asians and whites as the truth. With the crashing of the twin towers on September 11, 2001, people around Europe and America now have a prejudicial opinion towards Muslims. Arthur Miller’s play reminds the audience that this hysteria about different races and peoples may never stop.
Jack Shaheen’s essay “The Media’s Image of Arabs” explains how the media has birthed false images of Arabs. The media continues to maintain stereotypes of Arabs. The majority of Arab characters shown on the television are rarely shown as victims or ordinary people (Shaheen 85). If America were a melting pot, it would show diversity in a positive way. There would be more acceptance of Middle Eastern immigrants and their descendants. Likewise, Americans would be more accepting of all cultures that inhabit America. As a melting pot, the numerous cultures, races and individuals of America should blend together as a whole (Merriam-Webster). Though, America today is not blended. Americans as a group are not a whole, but they are made up of different groups sectioned off by invisible boundaries. In order for America to be the “melting pot” it is claimed to be, Ameri...
Letter to Any Would-be Terrorists by Naomi Shihab Nye is protest literature, targeting possible would-be terrorists with the main goal of fighting the discriminatory injustice faced by Arab-Americans following the action of some individual Arabs after 9/11. In her letter Naomi Shihab Nye describes how proud she thinks Arabs should be about their origins and using that feeling and idea, exhibits as an example her own family’s living style to show to her audience the immensity and richness of the Arab community. She thinks Arab definitively should be proud of their heritage. She talks about her Palestinian father who has been defying the word terrorist from the Arabic community to her American mother, who as she stat...
We live in an age and time where media influence is at its highest. The media has an impact on us as an audience through every possible medium including both television and print media. As scientists find and cure diseases, as America finds a new country to invade, as the European markets fluctuate, there has been one constant subject prevalent in the Western media- Islam. 1.6 billion people in the world are of the Muslim religion (Desilver 2013), making it the world’s second largest religion, second to Christianity. Even prior to the events of 9/11, the religion of Islam has been under scrutiny by the media. Edward Said, infamous for his works on Orientalism has greatly contributed to our understanding of the Western misunderstanding of the Eastern based religion. Said has defined Orientalism as the Western’s style of domination, reconstruction, and authority over the Orient (Said 1978: 3). Orientalism has observable effects in the most forms of media. As a result, and irrational fear of Islam and those that practice the religion began-Islamophobia. As defined by the International Civil Liberties Alliance, Islamophobia is “a term which is widely used by NGOs and frequently appears in the media, tends to denote fear, hatred or prejudice against Islam and Muslim” (ICLA 2013). This project will attempt to understand what the audience perception is about Islamophobia in the media. It will aim to uncover the ways in which television channels amplify common misperceptions about Islam. As a Muslim myself, this is an area that has always been of interest to me, and like many audiences I have been able to witness the dimensions of Islamophobia s depicted by the western media. After the events of September 2001, the fears of Islam and ...