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genetic engineering negative impact
genetic engineering negative impact
genetic engineering negative impact
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Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned Genetic engineering is a hotly-debated topic. On the one hand, giant corporations, ambitious scientists and powerful politicians are pushing forward with projects they claim will benefit mankind, and on the other, public opinion, environmentalists and consumers' associations are concerned that these projects are insufficiently safeguarded and pose irreversible risks to life on this planet. In this paper I will set out the main issues in the debate on genetic engineering. First I will summarise the history of genetic science, and look at the origins of the debate. Then I will discuss the manipulation of plant, animal and human genes in turn, and consider the possible benefits and dangers of each. Finally, I will suggest that, for all its potential dangers, it is better for research to go ahead openly than for governments to try to ban such research altogether. GE is quite a recent science. DNA, the basic material that determines genes, was discovered in 1953 (the discovery was announced in Nature magazine on April 25th, 1953), and 'It was only in 1956...that cytogeneticists learned that each human cell contains 46 chromosomes' (Lipkin and Rowley, p. 4). 'Recombinant DNA' - which makes it possible to actually change or modify genes - was not discovered until 1973 (Howard and Rifkin, p. 13). However, the debate about GE goes back much further. It was first popularised by Aldous Huxley in his novel Brave New World (1932), in which humans are born in bottles ('test tube babies'), and genetically conditioned to think and behave in certain ways. When GE became a scientific reality in the 1970s, the debate continued to focus largely on the mainulation of human ... ... middle of paper ... ...al groups. Bibliography Published sources: Howard, T., and Rifkin, J., Who should play God? : The artificial creation of life and what it means for the future of the human race ( New York, Delacorte Press, 1977) Karp, L.E., Genetic engineering, threat or promise? (Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1976). Lipkin, M., and Rowley, P.T., Eds., Genetic responsibility: on choosing our children's genes, (New York, Plenum Press, 1974) Paoletti, R. A., Ed., Selected readings: genetic engineering and bioethics, (New York, MSS Information Corp, 1972) Internet sources: Dr. B. Benoit, 'Human Cloning and Re-engineering': http://cac.psu.edu/~gsg109/qs/emclone.html 'Food for Our Future' (UK Food and Drink Federation website:http://www.foodfuture.org.uk/index2.htm Home Arts web page on Children's Personality: http://homearts.com/rb/mommy/11cperb4.htm
Lucassen, Emy. “Teaching the ethics of genetic engineering” Journal of Biological Education 29 (Summer 1995): 129-139.
Savulescu, Julian. “Genetic Interventions and the Ethics of Human Beings.” Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Ed. David Kaplan. 2nd ed. Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2009. 417-430.
Perkins, H.F.. A Decade of Progress in Eugenics: Scientific Papers of the Third International Congress of Eugenics. 1993 Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins Company.
Tsar's Survival of the 1905 Revolution In 1905 tsarism suffered a dreadful battering, Tsar Nicolas III had to cope with opposition from all sides. The workers and the army were unhappy with their working conditions; they wanted minimum wage and more rights. The peasants wanted more land and the liberals wanted a better political system that was more democratic and gave them more say in how the country was run. He had to contend with numerous strikes, uprisings, assassinations and mutinies. It is surprising, therefore than the Tsar managed to remain in his throne throughout 1905.
history. This event was created by a lack of freedom that was ignored by czar Nicholas II. The Russian Revolution of 1917 was a major turning point in history. It marked the end of a czar rule of the Romanovs, as well as the beginning of a communist rule. The Revolution didn't just consist of one event. It consisted of many. Some of these events were the Czarist wartime incompetence, the March Revolution, the Czar abdicating his throne, the provisional government failing, and the communists taking control.
Genetic engineering has been around for many years and is widely used all over the planet. Many people don’t realize that genetic engineering is part of their daily lives and diet. Today, almost 70 percent of processed foods from a grocery store were genetically engineered. Genetic engineering can be in plants, foods, animals, and even humans. Although debates about genetic engineering still exist, many people have accepted due to the health benefits of gene therapy. The lack of knowledge has always tricked people because they only focused on the negative perspective of genetic engineering and not the positive perspective. In this paper, I will be talking about how Genetic engineering is connected to Brave New World, how the history of genetic engineering impacts the world, how genetic engineering works, how people opinions are influenced, how the side effects can be devastating, how the genetic engineering can be beneficial for the society and also how the ethical issues affect people’s perspective.
We are, however, slightly ahead of our story. The short period of 1900-1906 provides an essential piece of the puzzle to make the picture of the Russian Revolution complete.
Although humans have altered the genomes of species for thousands of years through artificial selection and other non-scientific means, the field of genetic engineering as we now know it did not begin until 1944 when DNA was first identified as the carrier of genetic information by Oswald Avery Colin McLeod and Maclyn McCarty (Stem Cell Research). In the following decades two more important discoveries occurred, first the 1953 discovery of the structure of DNA, by Watson and Crick, and next the 1973 discovery by Cohen and Boyer of a recombinant DNA technique which allowed the successful transfer of DNA into another organism. A year later Rudolf Jaenisch created the world’s first transgenic animal by introducing foreign DNA into a mouse embryo, an experiment that would set the stage for modern genetic engineering (Stem Cell Research). The commercialization of genetic engineering began largely in 1976 wh...
Under the sovereignty and tyrannical rule of Peter the Great, the Russian Empire demonstrated sweeping reforms of westernization, which established Russia as a principal European power. The reign of Nicholas II saw Imperial Russia transposed as one of the foremost great powers of the world, into an economic, societal and military collapse. Although Tsar Nicholas’ rule was ridden with discontent, the culmination of decades of pervasive adversity from the peasantry and the rising urban proletariat led to the 1905 Russian Revolution. The widespread famine that consumed Russia in 1891, the economic repercussions of the Great Spurt, the incompetence and the Tsar’s general disregard for the needs of his people encompassed the long-term causes. While
While most European revolutions formed republics/ democracies, Russia experienced an extreme shift of government towards the left wing. I would personally lean toward the theory that since Russia was so undeveloped and backward in comparison to the rest of Europe, the contrast led to the revolutionary movements that formed at the end of the 19th century. Under the Tsars, the burdened “common” people had virtually no rights. Unlike most other nations, Russia had no constitution, no elected representative assembly, no court of appeal to examine/ restrain the Tsars’ laws. As ineffective as they could be, the Tsars hardly inclined to support reforms, and were incapable of making concessions to agitations among workers in 1912. Because Russia was so behind, for lack of a better word, the Bolsheviks wanted to forcibly advance it decades, if not centuries. Stalin stated during the implementation of the Five Year Plans in the 1930s, "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make up this gap in ten years. Either we do it or they will crush us."
and ‘foul’ were first said by the witches at the end of act 1 scene 1
The controversy of these issues stems from the immense potential in genetic sciences for both positive use and harmful misuse. Though the questions and fears of critics reflect the wisdom of caution, the potentially unlimited benefits mandate that we pursue these technologies.
Kevles, Daniel J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. Harvard University Press, 1985.
The Problems and Possibilities of Modern Genetics: A Paradigm for Social, Ethical, and Political Analysis; July 5, 2011; Eric Cohen and Robert P. George; http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2011/07/05-genetics-cohen-george; 5/12/2014