Missing Figures/Equations
History
The type of physics that I will be presenting is a branch of Fluid Mechanics. Fluid mechanics studies the physics of gases and liquids.
Hydraulics is defined as:
"a branch of science that deals with practical applications of liquid in motion."
Merriam-Webster's Medical Dictionary, via www.dictionary.com
The science started over thousands of years ago with Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) and Archimedes (287-212 B.C.).
Many European scientists also contributed to hydraulics, including da Vinci, Mariotte and Boyle.
The scientist who discovered the main principle I will be talking about is Pascal.
A French scientist who studied math and physics. His work included studying atmospheric pressure, conic sections and the principles of hydrostatics.
After Pascal there is Bernoilli, Franklin and Froud, who all also contributed to the science of hydraulics.
How it works (the physics part)
The basic rule of using hydraulic power is Pascal's Principle.
Pascal's Principle:
pressure exerted on a fluid is distributed equally throughout the fluid.
Hydraulics uses incompresible liquids so the applied pressure from one end (small arrow) is equal to the desired pressure on the other end (big arrow).
The big arrow is pointing toward a piston that is free to move, and is sometimes connected to a rod. When the force is applied, the piston moves up or down.
The equations are:
equations
Of course, as Prof. Newman says, "there is no free lunch," In order to move the larger area, the smaller area has to move a lot in order to move the larger area a little.
The larger area is nine times greater than the smaller area. In order to move the larger piston one inch, the smaller piston has to move nine inches.
The Uses of Hydraulics
Hydraulics are used in many ways. Most of them are used everyday and not even thought about.
Here are some examples of how hydraulics are used. They are all machines (I'm a mechanical engineer!)
Car Brakes
Car brakes work when you push the brake pedal, it pushes the small piston. The piston applies pressure on the brake fluid, which press the brake pads on the large pistons. The brake pads come into contact with the brake drum and slows the car down, eventually stopping the car.
Airplanes
Airplanes and jet planes use hydraulics in many places.
* Adjusting wings
* Putting out/bringing in landing gear
* opening/closing doors
Real Life Hydraulics
Unfortunately applying hydraulics in real life isn't so simple.
There are a few things to consider if you are planning on designing and building hydraulic equipment.
There he inspired many students and tutored them to become professionals in the medical field. Many of these students included Fabricius ab Aquapendente (gave the first clear description of the semi lunar valves of the veins, which later provided many people with a crucial point in his famous argument for circulation of the blood) and Volcher Coiter (described human embryology as well as the comparative osteology of animals and illustrated his own work.... ... middle of paper ...
...e this engineers could have a back up system that would be able to pump out the liguid, one that could use the water as a power source. The engineers could try to make the walls near the water line stronger to prevent flooding. There also should have been a way to detach the drill string that would be more convenient
Hydraulic fracturing, also commonly referred to as fracking, is a type of drilling for natural gas and oil that started in the 1940’s. In the beginning, when a well was slowing down, dynamite or TNT were placed inside the well head and detonated to help the flow of gas and oil by expanding natural cracks and veins in the earth. This method of fracking was used extensively for almost fifty years in the United States until the easy to mine and profitable oil had been almost completely tapped. A new form of hydraulic fracking was created in the early 90’s to help capture the less available oil and gas pockets remaining in the United States. The current method of fracking begins by drilling a vertical shaft lined with several piping layers and an outer layer of cement up to 10,000 feet deep. After achieving the appropriate vertical length a horizontal shaft is cut off of the vertical shaft that can stretch to lengths up to one mile long. A mixture of sand, water, and chemicals are injected in the shaft fracturing the shale formations and release pockets of oil and natural gas. The water is brought back to the surface where the gas and oil is separated out. The issue many people have with fracking is the possible side effects of chemicals used and water contamination. With the use of fracking helping American’s reach energy independence, economic benefits, and a bridge to help attain a clean energy source; fracking should be expanded in the United States.
Dams made from dirt are very weak and the South Fork dam was built entirely with dirt. From an engineering standpoint dams made with dirt needed to be built ...
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
The Grand Coulee Dam would provide many jobs for the unemployed as well as be used in the upcoming war. It was used primarily for irrigation at first, but as the war progressed it was changed to produce more electricity for the Northwest's aluminum industry.
What is Hydraulic Fracturing or as some refer to as Fracking? Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking is a method of mining. The process of drilling and injecting fluid into the ground at high pressure in order to crack shale rocks and release trapped natural gas from the ground. Fracking was first used in 1947, at the Hugoton field in southwestern Kansas. Stanolind Oil (AMOCO) was the company that conducted the experimental fracking method. Floyd Farris, who works for AMOCO, is the person who preformed studies of the pressure of injecting water and certain chemicals into oil and gas wells; the process of fracking was introduced. Fracking can produce a lot of energy, but it also has the potential to harm the environment. One question that is asked is “Will Fracking affect our water that we drink and change our lifestyle?” America could become independent on energy if there is more fracking. Independence on gas and oil would help all of our country.
Our machine showed physics in many ways. It used Newtons laws, collisions, and more aspects of physics. Our project showed ten different aspects in detail. This is our machine.
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
The first brake system was used thousands of years ago. The Romans had a system that involved a wooden block and a lever to slow and stop the cart. The driver would push or pull the lever which causes a wooden block to be pressed against the outer part of the wheel. These were used until the 20th century. Later the drum and disc brakes were invented to accommodate the faster motorized automobiles. The drum brake is placed in the inner surface of the wheel. When the brake is applied, the brake shoes will move outward and create friction against the drum. In the disc brake, there are more components to it. There is a rotor that is attached to the wheel and a caliper. The rotor is a disc which rotates with the wheel. The caliper squeezes on the rotor when the brakes are pressed instead of rubbing directly against the wheel. Disc brakes are sometimes preferred to drum brakes because of its superior cooling system. When the brake pads rub against the rotor or drum, heat is also produced. It is harder for the drum brakes to cool down because it is located inside the wheel and not exposed to as much outside air. Some disc brakes will have slits on the sides of the disc to provide cooling. Faster cooling will pre...
On a more scientific note I am interested in mechanics of fluids. This interest was enforced last year when I had the opportunity to attend a lecture on fluid mechanics at P&G. At the conference I greatly expanded my knowledge regarding the physical aspect of fluids and their properties. In last year's AS course we have met a topic in this field. I will be applying ideas and knowledge gathered from last year for this investigation.
The water is then used when there is a lack of supply. For example many small dams impound water in the spring, for use in the summer dry months. Storage dams also supply a water supply, or an improved habitat for fish and wildlife; they may store water for hydroelectricity as well.2 A diversion dam is a generation of a commonly constructed dam which is built to provide sufficient water pressure for pushing water into ditches, canals or other systems. These dams, which are normally shorter than storage dams are used for irrigation developments and for diversion the of water from a stream to a reservoir.
One very important advancement was the irrigation system. This system supplies dry land with water by means of ditches, pipes, or st...
Cars general work with the engine turning over from the driver using their key which makes the four piston strokes start. Once that happens, it starts moving getting hot and while that is happening, it moves the transmission belt which moves the alternator, and the alternator starts generating power through kinetic energy which in turns keeps the battery powered so you don’t lose power while driving. After the engine does that then power is supplied to the various computers in the car which gets it started moving. The steering wheel is attached to a steering column and the several other parts of the steering linkage so steering is possible. The brakes have two different types on the front there can usually be disc rotors which work by the rotor being mounted on the rotor hub and held in place with the mounting bracket on the mounting bracket are brake pads which squeeze the rotor which cause the car slow down or stop. The brakes on the rear are drum brakes which are similar to disc brakes, but they have brake shoes which expand to stop or slow down the car. This is not always true though some cars just have disc brakes and some older cars have drum brakes the reason for this is because disc is more reliable than drum brakes. Of course after all that you would remove the key and it would then stop the engine and the belt from turning and then the majority of the electrical stuff turns off except for the battery.
Hydroelectric power seizes the buoyancy released from descending water. Two thousand years ago, Ancient Greeks utilized wooden water wheels to convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy because that’s all they had back then. However, in 1882, the first hydroelectric power plant was constructed in the United States using a fast flowing river. During that time, humans began to build dams to reserve water at the most suitable places or areas in order to best apply the power capacity. Engineering and structural changes have been increased in designing a more efficient hydroelectric power plant, but in order for that to happen they had to go through a very difficult process which can cause much conflict. (http://www.ems.psu.edu/~elsworth/courses/cause2003/finalprojects/vikingpaper.pdf)