Clones would also have an increased risk of birth defects, if they survived to term. It would be obligatory for doctors and nurses to care for these children. The care that a cloned child might need, would be focusing on physiological and psychological needs. Nurses could also assist the clones and their family with identity crises, by counseling them. This would help them develop a close bond, and would convey acceptance. This bond would help the child develop security as well. This makes education on developmental abnormalities and cloning crucial for the medical society.
Educators need to include the most upcoming knowledge on cloning in order to get ready for this complicated and innovative task. According to Dinc, “a survey of 68 nursing specialty organizations reported that only 30% of administrators were planning to offer genetics content in future programs”(Dince, 2003, 252). This shows that there is a crucial need for an educational background on cloning and new genetic findings. Technology is quickly headed in this direction.
The growth and stages of development for cloning are vast. Before observing whether or not this is possible, an understanding of cloning and the different techniques of cloning is very significant. “Cloning techniques are laboratory processes used to produce offspring that are genetically identical to the donor parent. Clones are created by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer”(Bailey, Cloning Techniques). There are two variations of this method. There is the Roslin Technique and the Honolulu Technique. If a clone is genetically identical to its’ donor parent, they will have similar features, but not be the same age, or have the same environmental impacts.
“The “Nuclear Transfer” defi...
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...mber), Womens Health and the Cloning Debate. http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=94
Gibson, D. (2013). Human cloning breakthrough prompts objections. Christian Century, 130(12), 15.
The Moral Case Against Cloning for Biomedical Research. (2003). Issues in Law & Medicine, 18(3), 261.
McLachlan, H. (2007, July 21). Comment: Let's legalise cloning. New Scientist. p. 20.
Best, S., & Kellner, D. (2002). Biotechnology, Ethics and the Politics of Cloning. Democracy & Nature: The International Journal Of Inclusive Democracy, 8(3), 439-465. doi:10.1080/1085566022000022128
Baylis, F. (2002). Human Cloning: Three Mistakes and an Alternative. Journal Of Medicine & Philosophy, 27(3), 319.
Fischer, J. (2000). Copies upon copies. U.S. News & World Report, 128(5), 52.
Robertson, J. A. (1994). The question of human cloning. Hastings Center Report, 24(2), 6.
Children grow up watching movies such as Star Wars as well as Gattaca that contain the idea of cloning which usually depicts that society is on the brink of war or something awful is in the midsts but, with todays technology the sci-fi nature of cloning is actually possible. The science of cloning obligates the scientific community to boil the subject down into the basic category of morality pertaining towards cloning both humans as well as animals. While therapeutic cloning does have its moral disagreements towards the use of using the stem cells of humans to medically benefit those with “incomplete” sets of DNA, the benefits of therapeutic cloning outweigh the disagreements indubitably due to the fact that it extends the quality of life for humans.
In arguing against cloning, the central debate is derived from the fact that this unnatural process is simply unethical. The alleged
Wouldn’t it be weird if a child were to grow up knowing that her mother is her sister, her grandmother is her mother, and her father was her brother-in-law? This can cause several emotional risks although this type of genetic selection may cause many sever risks. Every time her mother is to look at her, what she sees is herself growing up. There is a lot of emotional pressure on a teenager who is trying to establish his/her identity. What if everyone was to clone? What would happen to our individuality?. Cloning limits your genetic base because there are not enough individuals that would be the base of inherited material for the population. It would also stop the genetic progress since there is no combining of the genetic material and thus no opportunity to produce an animal that is superior to the parent. What if the child knows that he/she is the clone and now the identical twin of a dead sister/brother? What kind of pressure do you think that would put on the child, knowing they were made as a direct replacement for another? This child will not be the same in all ways as the other was, regardless of what the parents were hoping. One important concern is because this child will be brought up in an unusual household where unhappiness has been diverted into making a clone of the dead brother/sister instead of just adjusting to their loss. Now this child will be going through great pressures on his/her emotional...
In this case, this will be the beginning of human degradation because clones will be treated as commodities or purchased products. Although couples commonly have babies for purposes such as improving a marriage or continuing a family name, human clones can possibly serve as savior siblings or replacements. Savior siblings will only function as spare parts, while a replacement child stands in a shadow of their deceased clone. They represent means to an end by being forced into existence for a sole purpose to alleviate pain and misery from the preexisting. In my opinion, reproductive cloning will turn into a game for the countless number of egotistical people that our society obtains. As irrational as this may be, human cells will eventually be sold, so other people can produce babies that resemble past legends, or current superstars, and even dead geniuses. From the article by Philip Kitcher in the Science, Ethics, and Public Policy of Human Cloning book, the author recognized how prevalent cloning will become when commenters ventured how legitimate it would be to clone Einstein. He indicated, “Polls showed that Mother Teresa was the most popular choice for person-to-be-cloned, although a film star (Michelle Pfeiffer) was not far behind, and Bill and Hilary Clinton obtained some support〖."〗^7The quote signifies how cloning will eventually convert into a luxury to please peoples’ irrational means, increasing the chances for people to be equated to their genetic determinism. Kant identifies humans as authors to the moral law because of our possession of human dignity. According to Devolder’s article, “UNESCO's Universal
In the past, cloning always seemed like a faraway scientific fantasy that could never really happen, but sometimes reality catches up to human ingenuity and people discover that a fictional science is all too real. Such was the fate of cloning when Dolly, a cloned sheep, came into existence during 1997, as Beth Baker explains (Baker 45). In addition to opening the eyes of millions of people, the breakthrough raised many questions about the morality of cloning humans. The greatest moral question is, when considering the pros against the cons, if human cloning is an ethical practice. There are two different types of cloning and both entail completely different processes and both are completely justifiable at the end of the day.
Finally, our course of action should be to legally ban human reproductive cloning. This decision will not be detrimental to anyone, nor will it abuse or exploit anyone. This action will be indicative of moral standards that we should wish everyone would follow. Ultimately, ethics is far greater than law. Ethical reflections are more significant than legal ideas because it is likely that laws themselves can show to be corrupt and inconsistent with honorable ethics. Therefore, we as a society must analyze the law in an ethical point of view, such as the case of reproductive cloning.
Cloning has been a controversial topic since the time it was introduced, prompting questions of ethics. Although it has been unintentionally in use for thousands of years, it was first brought about in the 1960’s. As more and more discoveries have been gained since then, numerous uncertainties continue to be raised among scientists, politicians, and anyone interested in the issue. While the idea of cloning is intriguing and polarizing, there is a fine like that defines what is and isn’t ethical; it is moral to clone cells for research development and plants for agricultural desires, but it is in no way acceptable to clone humans and animals for reproductive reasons.
Brannigan, C. Michael. Ethical Issues in Human Cloning. New York: Seven Bridges Press, Chatham House Publishers, 2001.
Throughout time, human and animal cloning has developed into a new important technology in everyday lives without always knowing it. Cloning is the process of copying or duplicating an organism. Human and animal cloning has so many different outcomes and uncertainties. It can be used for many different purposes, depending on what someone wants to use it for. People all around the world have different views on cloning. Some are against it and some are for it. However, not everyone fully understands how cloning works. Human and animal cloning will determine our future. It can improve or maybe even destroy mankind. Cloning is very important to the world because it can lead to new developments later on in the world that have not yet been thought of.
Scientist clones human embryos, and creates an ethical challenge. New York Times. October 26, 1993: A1.
Although the issue of human cloning has received the most attention within the last two years, cloning techniques have existed since the late 1970s. The cloning technique used at this time was a process called artificial twinning which involved split ting a single fertilized ovum into what are then considered new embryos and then implanting each into a female to be carried to term (religioustolerance.org 1). These experiments, however, were limited to animals. By the 1980s and early 1990s, during the presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George Bush, restrictions had been placed on the research of the cloning of human beings. The pro-life groups, which have considerabl e influence in the Republican party, held many concerns about the experimentation and destruction of human embryos, which they consider people with rights, thus they pressured the administration for restrictions on research (cac.psu.edu 1). A series of measures prohibiting federal funding for human cloning were thus implement...
There are two ways to make an exact genetic copy which are artificial embryo twinning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer. Artificial embryo ...
8. Pellegrino, Edmund D., “Human Cloning and Human Dignity.” The President’s Council on Bioethics. 22 July 2007
In the article that I chose there are two opposing viewpoints on the issue of “Should Human Cloning Ever Be Permitted?” John A. Robertson is an attorney who argues that there are many potential benefits of cloning and that a ban on privately funded cloning research is unjustified and that this type of research should only be regulated. On the flip side of this issue Attorney and medical ethicist George J. Annas argues that cloning devalues people by depriving them of their uniqueness and that a ban should be implemented upon it. Both express valid points and I will critique the articles to better understand their points.
"Human Cloning and Human Dignity: An Ethical Inquiry." The President's Council on Bioethics Washington, D.C. N.p., July-Aug. 2002. Web.