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Hpv cancer research paper
Hepatitis b epidemiology
Hpv cancer research paper
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Introduction
‘Control of Hospital Infection’ 4th ed. defines bloodborne virus infection as:
‘Where the blood contains infectious agents that can be transferred into the body of another person giving rise to infection’ (1).
Bloodborne viruses can pose an important risk to healthcare workers. The biggest risks lies with contracting HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C (2). These particular infections have the ability to cause asymptomatic and symptomatic infections.
The biggest risk in the hospital is the exposure to blood borne viruses. In the UK alone, there are approximately over 50,000 incidents per year(3)
Different examples of blood borne viruses will be discussed, including their epidemiology, transmission, and infection prevention and control measures. The guidelines used in a clinical setting in relation to blood borne viruses will also be outlined.
Guidelines used in the Irish clinical setting:
EMI Toolkit - Guidelines for the Emergency Management of Injuries (including needlestick and sharps injuries, sexual exposure and human bites) where there is a risk of transmission of bloodborne viruses and other infectious diseases (2012) (Available in HPSC website, http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/EMIToolkit/EMIToolkit.pdf Date Accessed: 26/02/2014).
Bloodborne viruses in haemodialysis, CAPD and renal transplantation setting, 2013 (Available in HPSC website http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/Hepatitis/BloodborneVirus/File,4374,en.pdf Date Accessed: 28/02/2014).
Background
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Referred to as the Dane particle, the Hepatitis B virus is a double stranded Hepadnavirus (1). Particle diameter up to 45nm (4).It has an incubation of about 40 to 160 days(2) and can be detected in the blood, semen and vaginal secr...
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... Waste. HSE, Ireland.
23. Deuffic-Burban S, Delarocque-Astagneau E, Abiteboul D, Bouvet E, Yazdanpanah Y. 2011. Blood-borne viruses in health care workers: Prevention and management. Journal of Clinical Virology 52:4-10.
24. HPSC. 2012. http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/EMIToolkit/EMIToolkit.pdf Date Accessed: 26/02/2014.
25. HPSC. 2013. http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/Hepatitis/BloodborneVirus/File,4374,en.pdf Date Accessed: 28/02/2014.
26. HPSC. 2012. http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/Hepatitis/HepatitisB/HepatitisBreports/HepatitisAnnualReports/File,14469,en.pdf Date Accessed 26/02/2014.
27. HPSC. 2012. http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/Hepatitis/HepatitisC/HepatitisCreports/HepatitisAnnualReports/File,14470,en.pdf Date Accessed: 26/02/2014.
28. HPSC. 2012. http://www.hpsc.ie/hpsc/A-Z/HIVSTIs/HIVandAIDS/SurveillanceReports/File,14127,en.pdf Date Accessed: 26/02/2014.
This extremely pathogenic zoonotic virus is now understood to travel from bat species, to equine intermediate hosts, to humans.[8, 10] The Hendra virus is listed as a Bio-Safety Level (BSL)-4, and can only be studied at a few adequately equipped laboratories worldwide due to its virulence.[1, 2] Case fatality rates
This is an example of the errors the human race performs that leads to disaster. One error can seem pointless to one person but in reality that one error can lead to a whole chain of errors which in time results in disaster and catastrophe. The needles get contaminated and are used from person to person mixing each person’s blood with another making diseases and viruses spread like wildfire. The errors performed at Yambuku hospital lead to Ebola Zaire outbreaks in the fifty-five villages surrounding the hospital. The virus has manifested in the villages making the one error lead to a massacre of the people from within their own bodies. The virus only affected the ones that had gotten shots with the needles at the Yambuku hospital but soon the virus spread in a variety of ways and led to more deaths. Preston goes further into the errors made by the people at Yambuku hospital with Nurse Mayinga. Preston writes “She knew she was becoming sick, but she did not want to admit to herself what it was” (100). Mayinga had contracted the virus when she had gotten in contact with Sister M.E.. Instead of going into the hospital that Nurse Mayinga worked at,
Bloodborne Pathogens are pathogenic microorganisms that can eventually cause disease. They are found in human blood and other bodily fluids such as synovial fluid, semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid and any other fluid that mixes or has contact with blood. The bloodborne pathogens are pathogenic, which means they are disease causing, and they are also microorganisms, which means that they are very small so the human eye cannot see them.
Clinical Infectious Diseases, 49(3), 438-443. Doi:10.1086/600391. See full address and map. Medicare.gov/Hospital Compare - The Official U.S. Government Site for Medicare (n.d).
been previously touched by an infected person, will transmit the disease to the healthy person who
Hepatitis B is a DNA viral infection that causes damage and inflammation to the liver. It was first discovered in 1965 by Dr. Baruch Blumberg. The HBV virus is very contagious and is even thought to be the most serious form of viral hepatitis and the most common viral infection on Earth. “HBV is 100 times more infectious than HIV.” (Green, 2002, pg. 7) The virus can survive for about one week outside the body on a dry surface. According to Green (2002, pg. 7), “One in twenty Americans has been infected with the virus at some point in their lives.” Between the ages of 15-39 is when 75% of new HBV infections occur, according to Green (2002, pg.8).
Pathogens are a type of microorganism that spreads viral and bacterial diseases. These diseases when present in human blood and body fluids are known as blood borne pathogens, and can spread from one person to another. (Worcester polytechnic institute) The most serious types of blood borne diseases are the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV), which can cause liver damage; and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), which is responsible for causing AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). The blood borne pathogens can be spread when the blood or body fluids (semen, vaginal fluid, breast milk, and amniotic fluid) of an infected individual comes into contact with mucous membranes or an open sore or cut on the skin of another person. Mucus membranes are located in the eyes, nose, mouth, and other areas as well. ("Bloodborne pathogens: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia") Two of the most common ways that pathogens are transmitted is through the exchange of fluids during sexual intercourse or by sharing infected IV needles. (Worcester polytechnic institute)
The HBV virus is transmitted through contact with contaminated blood or other body fluids such as serum, semen and salvia. The condition following the infection can either be classified as acute or chronic HBV.
The purpose of his article was to find a better way to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HCAI) and explain what could be done to make healthcare facilities safer. The main problem that Cole presented was a combination of crowded hospitals that are understaffed with bed management problems and inadequate isolation facilities, which should not be happening in this day and age (Cole, 2011). He explained the “safety culture properties” (Cole, 2011) that are associated with preventing infection in healthcare; these include justness, leadership, teamwork, evidence based practice, communication, patient centeredness, and learning. If a healthcare facility is not honest about their work and does not work together, the patient is much more likely to get injured or sick while in the
This disease is passed from an infected person to an uninfected person through exchange of bodily fluids such as blood or semen (or other). Symptoms include tiredness, aches, nausea & vomiting, loss of appetite, darkening of urine, tenderness in the stomach, or yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes (jaundice) (HEP-B). With acute HBV, the symptoms may appear 1 to 6 months after being exposed to it. With chronic HBV, the symptoms may take up to 30 years to appear after being exposed. Although some may experience these symptoms, many people (mostly adults) with chronic HBV do not experience the symptoms. The most common way of way of transmission of this disease is through sexual intercourse. By sexual intercourse, I mean any type of sex like vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Another way of transmission, although not as common in the United States (however the most common around the world), is through childbirth where the mother transmits it to the child. This is if the child doesn’t get the necessary vaccinations when supposed to. If a mother who is infected with the disease gives birth, the child is at high risk of developing chronic HBV if they don’t get the necessary immunizations at birth (including HBV vaccination). If the infant does not get the necessary immunizations, it can cause chronic liver disease and chronic HBV, which is persisten...
Though there were many innocent victims of the AIDS epidemic’s outreach to blood banks’ donated supply, this problem sparked new innovations and research that have worked to solve both the AIDS-infected blood problem, but also threats of other serious diseases and complications in blood transfusions
Viruses can be transmitted in many ways. Being in contact with an infected person will most likely transfer the virus. One can also obtain the virus through swallowing, inhaling, and unsafe sex. Poor hygiene and eating habits usually increase the risk of catching a viral infection. Contracting a viral infection is followed by adverse s...
Patient safety must be the first priority in the health care system, and it is widely accepta-ble that unnecessary harm to a patient must be controlled.Two million babies and mother die due to preventable medical errors annually worldwide due to pregnancy related complications and there is worldwide increase in nosocomial infections, which is almost equal to 5-10% of total admissions occurring in the hospitals. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Total 1.4 million patients are victims of hospital-acquired infection. (WHO Patient Safety Research, 2009). Unsafe infection practice leads to 1.3 million death word wide and loss of 26 millions of life while ad-verse drug events are increasing in health care and 10% of total admitted patients are facing ad-verse drug events. (WHO Patient Safety Re...
The virus spreads by direct contact with infected bodily fluids, such as blood, sliva, vaginal fluids, semen and breast milk. This is why babies of mothers who have been infected with hepatitis-b are at great risk of getting infected at birth.
(2014) shed light on two key components for infection control, which includes protecting patients from acquiring infections and protecting health care workers from becoming infected (Curchoe et al., 2014). The techniques that are used to protect patients also provide protection for nurses and other health care workers alike. In order to prevent the spread of infections, it is important for health care workers to be meticulous and attentive when providing care to already vulnerable patients (Curchoe et al., 2014). If a health care worker is aware they may contaminate the surroundings of a patient, they must properly clean, disinfect, and sterilize any contaminated objects in order to reduce or eliminate microorganisms (Curchoe et al., 2014). It is also ideal to change gloves after contact with contaminated secretions and before leaving a patient’s room (Curchoe, 2014). Research suggests that due to standard precaution, gloves must be worn as a single-use item for each invasive procedure, contact with sterile sites, and non-intact skin or mucous membranes (Curchoe et al., 2014). Hence, it is critical that health care workers change gloves during any activity that has been assessed as carrying a risk of exposure to body substances, secretions, excretions, and blood (Curchoe et al.,