I. INTRODUCTION
Now a days, Biometrics maps to a new civilian applications of commercial use. Automatic Fingerprint Identification System(AFIS) appeared as an essential tool for all the biometrics and the law enforcement agencies[1].The demand of the secured biometric system, now lead to the growth in the features and individualities for the responsibility of quite complicated fingerprint and finger-vein present in the fingertips of the fingerprint. This important technology is widely used in area-access control, Pc login, and e-commerce. These all biometrics are attracted towards this technology, because of password theft, loss and release of user’s memory[10].
In biometrics system, the security and convenience of the system are important[10].The system requires high response times and fast accuracy. The biometrics includes the patterns based on fingerprint,fingervein,facial features,the iris, and the voice,hand grometry.However,some of the features are susceptible to forgery,so if it may used in conmbination the system will be efficient.The fingerprint and fingervein produces high confidentiality over other measures.
A. FINGERPRINT
In general,not even a twin sisters or twin brothers may not have the same fingerprint.They may be varying with respect to their genetic arrangements of cells and tissues. Fingerprint may consists of friction ridges and it is a combination of ridges(black line) and valleys(space between the two ridges).In fingerprint,level-2 fingerprint features has been executed with high performance and individuality in the fingerprints and it may produces the misperfections randomly in the case of friction ridges and they are known as the minutiae. These type of fingerprint acquisition typically utili...
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... Image Process., vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1952–1964, Jul. 2006.
[9] M. Tico and P. Kuosmanen, “Fingerprint matching using and orientation based minutia descriptor,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 1009–1014, Aug. 2003
[10]Naoto Miura, Akio Nagasaka, Takafumi Miyatake, “ Feature extraction of finger-vein patterns based on repeated line tracking and its application to personal identification” Machine Vision and Applications ,Feb.2004
[11] R. Cappelli, M. Ferrara, and D. Maltoni, “Minutia cylinder-code: A new representation and matching technique for fingerprint recognition,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 32, no. 12, pp. 2128–2141, Dec. 2010.
[12] S. Yoon, J. Feng, and A. K. Jain, “Latent fingerprint enhancement via robust orientation field estimation,” in Proc. Int. Joint Conf. Biometrics, New Delhi, India, Oct. 2011, pp. 1–8.
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis is a forensic discipline which, among others, the position of victims can be determined at crime scenes on which blood has been shed. To determine where the blood source was, investigators use a straight-line approximation for the trajectory, ignoring effects of gravity, drag and overestimating the height of the source. We determined how accurately the location of the origin can be estimated when including gravity and drag into the trajectory reconstruction. We created eight bloodstain patterns at one meter distance from the wall. The origin’s location was determined for each pattern with: the straight-line approximation, the method includes gravity, and the method we use includes both gravity and drag. The latter
When it comes to identical twins we have come to learn that twin identical or not will not have the same fingerprint. Fingerprints are unique and are made to identify a person. So even when you clone humans or other primates I believe that the Friction ridge pattern will be similar but not exactly the same. I believe that in the process of the cloning process something will cause the fingerprints to come out different. Because cloning is dangerous there has yet to be a human cloning, but there have been cloning of monkeys and according to the data even though the monkey was cloned the fingerprint still isn’t the same.
Another discrepancy between actual forensics and how it is portrayed in the media is the availability of information in databases. There is only a small percentage of the entire population’s fingerprints or DNA samples stored within databases such as the Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). This makes finding a match between a DNA sample or fingerprint difficult, as a match would only be found if the person’s information was already stored within the database. If there is no match previously stored in a database, the fingerprint or DNA sample could be potentially rendered useless within a trial. Typically, in order to perform an analysis, investigators must already have a suspect in mind and request a DNA or fingerprint sample from him or her. If the suspect does not want to provide one however, the sample collected as evidence may not count as valid. The CSI effect creates an idealized image that all crimes can be solved with a hair or drop of blood, but this is not always the case in real life.
When violent crimes occur, it may result in bloodshed, this is where bloodstain pattern analysis comes in. Bloodstain pattern analysis examines the static aftermath of blood in motion and identifies size, shape, distribution, location of patterns to determine the physical events that occurred. The interpretation of bloodstains patterns can help determine origin of the bloodstain, position of the victim or suspect, direction of travel, impact angles, and reconstruct past events. The different type of bloodstain spatter patterns are: impact spatter, arterial spurt, cast off, drip trail and drip. Impact spatter is blood being acted upon by an amount of force. There are different levels of impact spatter
(f) Spoof attacks and Template security: Spoof attack refers to the deliberate attempt to manipulate one’s biometric template in order to avoid recognition, or generate biometric artifacts in order to take someone’s identity. And still biometric systems are susceptible to attacked in a number of ways (Ratha et al., 2001). For example, a fingerprint recognition system can be circumvented by using fake or spoof fingers (Nandakumar et al., 2007, Nandakumar et al., 2007a). Behavioral traits like voice (Eriksson et al., 1997) and signature (Harrison et al., 1981) are more susceptible to such attacks than physiological traits. Security of biometric templates is also another critical issues in biometric systems. The stolen biometric template can be used to gain unauthorized access to the system (Adler, 2003, Cappelli et al., 2007, Ross et al., 2007).
It is easy to think of biometrics as the future science technology are always happened in some fictions, associated with solar car and clones together. In fact, it has long history that people understood the basic principle and application of the biometric. Thousands of years ago, the people of the Nile basin used the biometric in everyday transactions (such as scarring, skin tone, eye color, height, etc.) for identification. Of course, they had no any automatic electronic identification system, or computer network, but the principle is similar.
Forensic genetics has other applications . The " fingerprint " DNA represents a valuable tool for forensic science . As is the case with an ordinary fingerprint genetic fingerprint is unique to each individual (except identical twins ) . The determination involves the observation of specific DNA sequences which can be obtained from extremely small tissue samples , hair, blood or eventually left at the scene . As Fifty microliters of blood, semen or five microliters of ten roots of hairs are enough , and nozzles secretions and cells from the fetus . In addition to its use in the capture of criminals , especially rapists , the genetic fingerprints can be used to establish family relationships . People involved in the conservation of species use them to be sure that captive breeding is among individuals who do not belong to the same family .
In terms of fingerprint identifying, tools such as ridge pointers and loupes have been invented and/or improved. Ridge pointers, invented in the mid 1970s, are used to count the amount of ridges on a fingerprint sample. Together with the loupe, a small and powerful magnifying glass, ridge pointers enable forensic chemists to identify a fingerprint and match it with others on a database. In relation to fingerprinting, on the 10th of September 1984, Sir Alec Jeffreys finally developed genetic fingerprinting. Genetic fingerprinting allows a small sample of DNA, such as blood, semen or the root on a strand of hair, to be analysed in a very time consuming and difficult process. The DNA is extracted from white blood cells and goes through many processes until a film is produced, showing the DNA typing pattern. This method delivers close to 100% accuracy, letting forensic chemists clearly match it to other DNA and find out who should be convicted of the crime. Another major change to this field in the past 50 years is the invention of the scanning electron microscope. This special type of microscope helps the chemists identify an unknown substance that might have been found at a crime scene as a piece of evidence. The scanning electron microscope ‘shoots’ a beam of electrons at the substance, revealing features such as the lattice structure, compounds within it and also the composition of the object. These microscopes are particularly useful in terms of inspecting gunpowder and gunshot residue, allowing the scientists to match the gunpowder to a gun or bullet.
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
Fingerprinting information varies in numerous ways. Each person’s fingerprints are different in someway (Unique). The technical term is actually “DNA fingerprinting” because us as a person obviously cant just take a look at a fingerprint and see the difference; we must analyze the actual DNA behind it. Sometimes a miss concept of most people is, that fingerprints stay perfectly fresh for extended periods of time. Partial fingerprints and even degraded full fingerprints can turn up to be useless sometimes. Fingerprints are not admissible if they are 99.9% sure, they must be 100% or a Forensics lab will not support them. DNA Fingerprinting, and the fingerprints that are at the tips of your actual fingers are two different things. The ones we a...
Technology has made life so easy in this present generation to the extent that, we can do virtually almost with it. We can now use technology to protect our privacy and our identity from been stolen. People use passwords, biometrics and other forms of security measures to hide their possessions which include their identity, privacy and valuable properties. While technology has a great advantage when it comes to securing one’s privacy and identity, one of its disadvantages is that privacy identity thieves can still find a way to use technology to intrude people’s privacy and steal their identity.
The term biometrics is commonly known as the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences. Though, even more recently it has taken on a whole new definition. Biometrics is an amazing new topic referring to “the emerging field of technology devoted to the identification of individuals using biological traits, based on retinal or iris scanning, fingerprints, or face recognition”. Biometrics has already begun using applications that range from attendance tracking with a time clock to security checkpoints with a large volume of people. The growing field of biometrics has really been put on the map by two things, the technological advances made within the last 20 years, and the growing risk of security and terrorism among people all over the world. In this paper I will focus on: the growing field of biometrics, why it is important to our future, how the United States government has played a role in its development and use, the risks involved, the implications on public privacy, and further recommendations received from all over the science and technology field.
Biometrics can be used as a method of identification for accessing a computer, room, or anything where identity needs to be provided to access information or equipment. Some people resist biometrics because of the concerns in which their privacy will be invaded or they think technology is getting too intrusive on people personal lives. Biometrics is not flawless and does have some privacy related issues. There are mechanism that can be put in place which could mitigate these problems and concerns. Some biometrics may not meet due to undue resistance from potential users and may be recommended to the manager to use password-based access controls instead.
As one of the feature of biometric, signature verification is used to find the authenticity of a person to give the access the most valued and important documents and shelf. Firstly the signature of a person are taken as a reference in database. To generate the database, number of attempts from the same person has been taken, as it would permit minute deviations in signatures that generates due to environmental conditions. Once it is done, then the signatures at other times are every time then verified with the existing database. Because of confidentially of the file/document/transaction giving access is the crucial process that should be monitored with perfection. The same happens with offline signature verification. Computerized process and verification algorithm (thus software) takes fully care of signature under test, generate results that are 100% authentic, and advocates credibility of the concerned person .However, there might raise issue of authenticity even if the same person performs the signature. Or, at times a forge person may duplicate the exact signature. Many research have been done to find the accuracy of result so as to prevent from forgery. Forgery is also divided into different categories depending upon their severity as
“The term -information security- means protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction” (United States Code, 2008). In order to ensure the identity of who is trying to access the information, the concept of “Biometric Technology” has been developed in the last years. This essay will start explaining this concept and the characteristics of its development through the time. Then, the essay will offer a brief explanation of biometric systems operation and a description of different biometric systems developed until now. Finally, this research analyzes the current and future applications and the issues that surround it.