1.1 Background
Women in Pakistan face several challenges due to their economic, social, and cultural status. They constitute 52% of the total population of Pakistan but unfortunately, they function from a subordinate position inherit in both traditional and state institutions. The Gender-Related Development Index (GDI) helps us to understand gender inequalities and its connection to vulnerability, particularly inequalities between men and women. When this measure is taken into consideration, Pakistan ranks 152 of 155 countries which show greater gender disparity. A similar index on gender issues is the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), which takes into account gender inequality in economic and political spheres. According to the United Nations Development Programme (2009), Pakistan ranked 99 out of 109 countries for which data are available.
These facts shows that Pakistani women grow up with limited opportunities to access education and basic necessities of life which further limit their capability to earn a living, and force them to seek employment in informal sectors more than three fourths of the economically active women in urban areas are employed in the informal sector(ADB,2000). The existence of informal economy reveals the potential of entrepreneurship and provides an opportunity to utilize it as an agent for change.
1.2. Significance
Inflation, high unemployment, and increasing poverty have put a lot of pressure on government to make strategies of empowering women and made them an economically active member of society. On the other hand government is not being able to create huge number of jobs in formal sector in the current situation of economic and political instability. In this scenario it is important to harn...
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Marc Quinn representation - Self is valid. The reason he made it of himself, utilizing his own blood was to make it all the more genuine of himself. When I initially took a gander at it I was instantly attracted to it, really felt something. Inquiries rung a bell. How could he do this utilizing his own particular blood and why? Quinn made these models like clockwork to demonstrate how the body can change or be changed. Utilizing his own blood and DNA he could appear and convey more to his craft. Being enlivened by Rembrandt's self-representation, utilizing his logical information, his dad a physicist, logical home life, and an educator Sir John Sulston. This started his innovativeness to this sort of representation of himself in his own particular
Women in developing countries are not empowered by micro-loans because it can exert women further into debt. Not all women are smart and educated enough to be able to profit from these micro-loans and instead they can be quite dumb and irresponsible with the exerting them further into debt. This does not apply to all the women who receive micro-loans, but a decent portion of them it does. Although, micro-loans could be the key success to a family's triumph out of poverty, they can still propel people into a rough and tough situation. Also, if a women’s micro-loan does not work out they will be put to shame by their whole entire community.
Entrepreneurs usually require financial assistance to launch their ventures from formal bank loan or money from a savings account. The women entrepreneurs are suffering from inadequate financial resources and working capital. The women entrepreneurs are lack to access external funds due to their inability to provide tangible security. Very few women have the tangible property in hand.
Markets & Customers: Cashpor provides microfinance and other credit services to below the poverty line women in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and
This study is a correlational study in which relation between income level, living standard, access to education, and empowerment due to micro financing in Pakistan is studied.
Women make up 50 percent of the global population, 40 percent of the global workforce, and yet only own about 1 percent of the world’s wealth. Sixty-five percent of the world’s poor and two thirds of the world’s illiterate are women. While there has been a great deal of progress in the fight against poverty, particularly since the adoption of the U.S. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2001, women remain disproportionately represented among the world’s poorest nations, and the gender gap continues to persist in economic, social, and political spheres.
The history of the microfinance industry provides a framework for understanding why certain MFIs are successful and others are not.
This paper conceptualizes the issues of women empowerment through making her an agent of change for her own equivalence and studying the various domains where empowerment can be applied and discussed.
1.Christen, Robert Peck; Rosenberg, Richard & Jayadeva, Veena “Financial institutions with a double-bottom line: implications for the future of microfinance” (July 2004)
In the previous study of David Sloan (2013), Microfinance is providing small loans, primarily to women in poverty, and to who without collateral are unable to receive services from the formal financial sector. Generally, without access to capital, people cannot invest in activities such as existing businesses or new microenterprises, and it significantly reduces the chances of many to emerge from poverty. With the existence of microfinance, poor people can access to those small amounts of capital needed to invest in businesses or simply pay for household expenses. Microfinance is able to contribute to poverty alleviation because customers are able to protect, increase, and diversify their income and accumulate assets, which in the end the economic and social structures can be transformed fundamentally.
Empirical evidence suggests that empowering women has far reaching benefits on the lives of women, families, and the society than anticipated. Development economists have gone ahead and even prophesized that investment in women has the highest – return in the developing world. Female deprivation is both a cause and a consequence of the vicious cycle of poverty. Despite of being the instruments of change in the society, poverty hits the hardest on women in the developing world. Women's empowerment is catalytic and central to achieving enhanced development. Amartya Sen famously said “What is crucial is not just freedom of action but also freedom of thought and the ability to overcome parochial boundaries of thinking.”(Sen) Primarily, what the world needs is a change in the attitude towards women and governments across the world have a huge role to play in achieving this change.
...ds & Gelleny, 2007). Moreover, the status of women is independent on policy adjustments in developing countries. Governments in developing countries should organize an economically and political stable environment, to be economically attractive (Maxfield, 1998 as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Other critics state governments are forced to cut expenditures in education and social programs. This phenomenon especially affects women (Ayres and McCalla, 1997, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). Since the public sector is one of the main employers of females, women are often the most disadvantaged by governmental efforts to cut expenditures in the public sector (Hemmati and Gardiner, 2004, as cited in Richards & Gelleny, 2007). As a result, women will become unemployed and unable to expanded education among themselves or their children. (Richards & Gelleny, 2007)
Human development faces constraint of gender inequality. In present scenario still women and girls are biggest face of inequality. Women and girls are faces discrimination in health, education, political representation, labor market etc. that lead to adverse development. Empowerment of gender considered important for women to come out from difficult face of hindrance in education, work status, social security, position in decision making by ideal of gender. Women empowerment to participate in economic life is necessary to build stronger economically develop and sustainable world and to improve the quality of life for women, men, families and
Entrepreneurship promotion and development have been identified as one of the key components of the nation’s economic development strategy. Entrepreneurial resource has been considered a crucial input in the process of this economic development. Micro-entrepreneurial ventures are considered the most critical factor that would lay the foundation in an economically struggling third world developing country . These entrepreneurial ventures will help both the urban and rural population through creation of jobs, a rescue out of unemployment and poverty and thereby impact upon developing skills, self-esteem and self sufficiency. In this way, this will certainly contribute to the overall development of the economy. Entrepreneurship among women is a recent phenomenon. In a developing country like India, a favourable socio-economic environment could help in exploiting the latent entrepreneurial talents among women. There are certain unfavourable conditions that often hinder the emergence of such entrepreneurial talents. However, despite of these situational constraints, more and more women are today entering the field of entrepreneurship in India.
“In recent decades, there has been a growing awareness of the need to increase gender equality throughout the world. Strategies to achieve this end have focused on empowering women in social, educational, economic,