Introduction
Water,H2O, is one of the most important chemical compounds on earth, and is commonly referred to as the basis of life on earth, because it is used in all type of chemical and biological processes, e.g. solvent, protein folding, stability of nucleic acids etc. Water is found in 3 states (solid, liquid, and gas), and is the most abundant naturally occurring substance on earth, covering 75% of the earth surface.
Structure
Water consists of 2 hydrogen atoms and 1 oxygen atoms, (held together by covalent bonds between the O-H atoms) and 2 lone pair of electrons on the oxygen atom, resulting in the formation of a bent shape with a bond angle of 104.5⁰. These 2 lone pair of electrons means that water has a tetrahedral structure where oxygen is bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms; 2 covalent bonds and 2 hydrogen bonds (General Chemistry, 2011).
Hydrogen bonding ‘is a specific type of dipole-dipole interaction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bonds, and an electronegative O, N or F atom’ (Quotes from General Chemistry, 2011 page 405), and is the strongest type of intermolecular force. Hydrogen bonds in water (Figure 1) mean that water has a high specific heat capacity, this is because, as hydrogen bonds are strong a large amount of heat (increases the kinetic energy of water molecules), is needed to break them, however water can absorb a large amount of heat and its temperature only increases slightly, and is the reverse when heat is released i.e. its temperature only decreases slightly (General Chemistry, 2011). The presence of hydrogen bonds between water molecules, allowing them to stick together mean shows that water is highly cohesive (Biochemistry, 2011). A special type of cohesion is surface tension, in which te...
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372788/pdf/microrev00039-0112.pdf
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3307919
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1262463/pdf/biophysj00088-0020.pdf
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/protein2.html - protein folding and denaturing
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/protein.html - Protein Hydration
http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/nucleic.html - Nucleic acid
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2199/12/21 - Protein Diversity
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=4335444 – Behavior of water
http://www.exobiologie.fr/index.php/vulgarisation/chimie-vulgarisation/the-role-of-water-in-the-structure-and-function-of-biological-macromolecules/ - The role of water in the structure and function of biological macromolecules
Wikipedia – Protein folding, Water, Hydrophobic Interactions, Solvent
When in solution, the hydronium and chloride ions formed will be partially surrounded by water molecules via ion-dipole bonds, an electrostatic force of attraction that exists between charges in the ions and the partial charges in the water molecules. Water molecules surrounding ions is called hydration.
Molecules attract one another’s opposite partial pole due to London dispersion and Coulomb force. Substances in a mixture are not chemically bonded. There are four types of intermolecular bonds with ethanol which are London dispersion, dipole-dipole, covalent, and hydrogen. Ethanol will interact with water and bond producing a tightly bonded mixture, where as vegetable oil does not mix with water molecules. Theses structures are depicted in the figure below:
Water is the life blood of every living creature on earth. Approximately 70 percent of the earth's surface is covered with water. Through the wonders of nature, water can take on many different forms. It is easy to understand the significance water plays in our lives, but it may be difficult to understand the water that exists below the earth's surface. This water is called groundwater.
Making this atom want to interact with other atoms in order to be stable. Atoms want their shells as full as they can be. For example, a Helium atom has two protons, two neutrons and two electrons; this atom is neutral and happy because it has two electrons which fill perfectly the first level. However, Hydrogen is not happy, it has one neutron, one proton and one electron which makes it a neutral charge also yet it has not completed its first level with just that one electron in the shell that fit two. Hydrogen thus is seeking for that electron its missing. To make this happen, Chemical bonding is the way atoms are able to take or give up electrons. They can either share the electrons or transfer them. Normally, when atoms do this it ends up holding them really close, this attraction is called chemical
Membranes play an integral function in trapping and securing metabolic products within the borders of a cell within an aqueous environment. Without a selectively permeable border surrounding sites of anabolic function, potential useful products of this metabolism would simply diffuse away in the aqueous environment contained within and surrounding the cell. However, securing metabolites within the cell also comes with a price of not being able to acquire potentially useful compounds from the surrounding environment. Some very small gases and polar uncharged compounds are able to simply diffuse across this membrane, moving to the site of lower concentration on either side of the membrane. However, larger uncharged and charged polar molecules,
my story starts on the atlantic ocean bouncing around the waves from the crest to the trough going up and down the wave height and wave length.
The Biological Importance of Water as a Solvent and as a Medium for Living Organisms
Chemical bonds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A chemical bond is a force that holds together the atoms in a molecule or compound. In chapter eight we learned the key concepts of chemical bonds and their properties. In this essay I will elaborate on the concepts we were taught and explain them in my own words. It will include the classification of different types of bonds, the bonding nature of both ionic and molecular compounds, and lastly I will explain how we predict the shapes of molecular compounds and polyatomic ions.
H_2 O (freshwater) is a well-known substance present in all organisms and all biomes on earth in various forms. Water is a substance which has a unique molecular structure that allows it to appear in different forms on earth and even in outer space. When water is in its simplest form, it appears as a liquid substance at room temperature. This discussion will address the similarities and differences between freshwater and saltwater. Although it is chemically very similar, most land organisms rely on freshwater to survive but only a mere 3% of the earth’s water is fresh.
Covalent bonds can also be formed in such a way as to form a giant
Summary: Without water, there is no way that life would be sustainable on this planet. It is without a doubt our most valuable resource.
Adhesive Force: The attractive forces between unlike molecules. In some cases adhesion causes the liquid to cling to the surface where it rests.
Water is the most vital part of life. Water is needed from humans, to plants and other organisms, and to do basically everything. Water allows our bodily functions to work and to remove waste from our bodies. Plants need water to grow, and humans need plants to gr...
Water is our main source of our life. We need it to live, drink, bathe,