By definition, the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is an indexing and retrieval language in the form of a classification for the whole of recorded knowledge, in which subjects are symbolized by a code based on Arabic numerals.[1] The UDC was the brain-child of the two Belgians, Paul Otlet and Henry LaFontaine, who began working on their system in 1889, 15 years after Melvil Dewey established the DDC.[2] Otlet and LaFontaine built their system on the foundation of the DDC with Melvil Dewey’s express permission. While Dewey conceived his scheme to be applied to the arrangement of books on shelves, Otlet and LaFontaine, whose fields were Sociology, Law, Statistics, Political Economy, as well as Philology and Literature, were ultimately more interested in journal articles, news items, other related documents, and how to access them. Thus, they required a more detailed system. Fortunately,Dewey agreed to allow them to apply his system to the International Index they had conceived, and by 1895 they had amassed and classified 400,000 cards for their Universal Index. Their system caught on after presenting it to a conference held the same year. Otlet and LaFontaine were required to augment Dewey’s system with numerous devices that they later described as synthetic. In 1920, a Dutch chemical engineer by the name of Donker Duyvis became the secretary of the editorial panel for the second (French) edition of the UDC, ushering in what was known in the history of the UDC as the authoritative or dictatorial period. Duyvis believed that classification was the necessary liaison between “Efficiency, “”Standardization” and “Information.” With this in mind he initiated the preparation of a new edition of the UDC in... ... middle of paper ... ...nd eventually multilingual) database, and the UDC is also available on in electronic form on the web in addition to CD-ROM format. These have also been published in Spanish and Czech . ____________________________________________________________ [1] Geoffrey Robinson, The UDC in Brief, [2] See and [3] A. Chatterjee and G. P. Choudhury, “UDC: International Medium Edition - English Text. A Critical Appraisal,” International Classification 13 (1986), No. 3, 137. [4] Loc. cit. [5] Apparently, these two versions are quite markedly different from one another. [6] The UDC Flyer [7] See [8] A. Chatterjee and G. P. Choudhury, 138.
Goff, Richard, et al. The Twentieth Century, A brief Global History. New York: McGraw-Hill Company, 2002.
(30) My thanks to Profs. Otfried Höffe, Karl Ameriks, David Solomon, and audiences at the University of Tübingen and the 1998 APA Pacific Division Meetings and my commentator there, Mark LeBar, for helpful comments on earlier versions of this paper.
Computer programming has evolved in many ways throughout the years. The first programmer was thought to be Ada Lovelace, who lived in the 1800’s. When translating an article about the Analytical Engine from Italian to French, adding her own notes, she was referred to as the first programmer for what she wrote in the article. Computer programming started many years ago, around the 1800’s, and is only growing today. “She has been referred to as prophet of the computer age.” (Computer History Museum, 2008). What is computer programming, how does it work for gaming, and how can a programming language be used?
Newsweek. 128.4 (22 July 1996): 31. Infotrac Web: Expanded Academic ASAP. Gale Group. 31 Oct. 2000 <http://web5.infotrac.galegroup.com>.
Goetz, Philip (Editor in Chief). Encyclopaedia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1987. Vol 11, 894.
Thibodeau, R., & Aronson, E. (1992). Taking a Closer Look: Reasserting the Role of the
The academic libraries are witnessing tremendous changes due to the developments of information technology and the phenomenal rise of electronic resources. The academic library collections are no more only in p...
The purpose of this paper is to make you, the reader, alert and more aware of
R P Gallagher, S Borg, A Golin and K Kelleher (1992), Journal of College Student
Kernan, Alvin B., Richard B. Young, and Ben Jonson. "Introduction." Volpone. By Ben Johnson. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962. 1-26. Print.
Classification is one of the main activities of cataloguing and involves the assigning of numbers to represent subject content. Without classification, access to and the storing of library material would be very challenging, time consuming and frustrating. Hence I strongly endorse this quote “Books are the foundation of library; classification is the foundation of librarianship” (qtd. In Sharma and Sharma 17). The aim of library classification schemes is to keep like and related items together, moving from general to specific, for easy access by users and ease of re-shelving by library staff. Sharma and Sharma gave the purpose of library classification as, to separate subjects on the basis of likeness and unlikeness, to make grouping and sub-grouping of subjects, to arrange things in the most convenient order to make books available to every reader, to enable reader to receive his book, to arrange books in classified order, to retrieve information whenever needed and to make available the whole library stock to readers by publisher, date of publication, title, by author, or by subjects. The proper way is to arrange by contents of the material (16). Whether online or manual, the aim of classification remains the same; howeve...
Another important aspect of this research is the fact that authors have well managed to explain the pu...
Erikson, E. H., & Coles, R. (2001). The Erik Erikson Reader. New York: W.W. Norton.
By the time the Babylonians and Egypt developed their mathematics; Indians had worked independently and made an advanced mathematical discovery. During the early time of Indian, they were already familiar with arithmetic operations such as addition, multiplication, subtraction, multiplication, fractions, squares, cubes and roots. The evidence of using Pythagorean triples was also traced as part of Hindu mathematics long before Pythagoras. The Indian text known as “Sulba Sutras” contains a geometric approach in finding the solutions of linear and quadratic equations. The use of circle to represent zero is usually attributed to Hindu mathematics. Early Indians are also known to be the first to establish the basic mathematical rules for dealing with zero. They had also established the laws that could be used to manipulate and perform calculation on negative numbers, something that was not manifested in unearthed mathematical works of other ancient mathematics. Brahmagupta, a Hindu mathematician, showed that quadratic equations could have two possible solutions and one of which could be negative.
The web of today lacks metadata which can be read by other computers. Metadata is data about data, such that, it would be possible to distinguish between 1984 (a number), 1984 (a date), 1984 (a film starring John Hurt) and Nineteen Eighty-Four (a novel by George Orwell).