Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is the 8th and 13th most common malignancy in the world for males and females, respectively, with the majority of malignancies of the upper aero-digestive tract being oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) (Warnakulasuriya, 2009; Scully and Bagan, 2009; Nicole et al., 2010). The highest incidence of OSCC is found in India due to the increased preponderance of habits like chewing tobacco, betel quid and areca-nut which are the most important risk factors (Facompre et al., 2012). According to The Gujarat Cancer & Research Registry, the scenario is worst in Gujarat because 53.65% in males and 15.64% in females of all cancers are found to be Tobacco Related Cancers (TRCs) (National Cancer Registry Report, 2008). Despite the recent advances in first line treatments, the 5 year survival rate after treatment remains disappointingly low at about 15-50% for the past 3 decades (Carvalho et al., 2005; Prince and Ailles, 2008; Warnakulasuriya, 2009; McCullough et al., 2010). The resultant poor prognosis is owed to a low response rate to current therapeutic strategies, late stage diagnosis, high risk of primary site recurrence and aggressive metastases to loco-regional lymph nodes, strongly suggestive of an urge to improve the diagnostic capabilities and treatment efficacy.
Increasing experimental evidence supports the cancer stem cell model in HNSCC, which is in favor of a small proportion of cells with the capability of sustaining tumour formation and growth, self-renewal and differentiation in a tumour type and context dependent manner. These CSCs have a probable role in resistance to therapy, establishment of metastasis and recurrence which is allusive of the fact that targeted elimination of th...
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...more tumourigenic potential than by CD44+ marker. Also, c-Met+ /CD44+combination yielded tumours in 80% of cases while c-Met+/ALDH1+ displayed tumour formation in 66% cases (Sun and Wang, 2011). Thus c-Met has been proposed as a potent CSC marker in HNSCC but further investigation with a greater number of samples and a comparison of c-Met+ with other CSC and stemness markers could give a clear depiction (Sun and Wang, 2011).
Side Populations (SPs):
Identification of CSCs is widely done by the side population approach which involves elimination of Hoechst 33342. Hoechst 33342, a fluorescent DNA-binding dye, preferentially binds to A-T rich regions of tumourigenic cells. These SPs express high levels of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily (e.g. MDR1, MRP1, ABCB5, ABCG2) that facilitates the efflux of this dye and other drugs (Zhang et al., 2009).
Background and objective. Tumor heterogeneity is shown to be related to clinical outcome in cancer patients. The concept of a small subset of cancer stem cells being responsible for tumor relapse and metastasis comes out as a promising strategy for targeted cancer therapy. However, cancer stem cells are not easy to identify and isolate. The aim of this study was to determine the putative colon cancer stem cell subsets in human colon cancer cell lines HCT116 and HT29, which differ in their aggressiveness and differentiation capacity. Material and methods. Flow cytometry was used to asses HCT116 and HT29 cell lines for the expression of stemness-associated surface markers CD24, CD44, CD117, CD133, ESA, ABCB1. Both cell lines were treated with 5-fluoruracil and the phenotype of chemoresistant cells was investigated. Side population was visualized via Rhodamine 123 staining. Relative expression of ABCG2, c-Myc and Oct4 genes was quantified using qPCR analysis. Results and conclusions. It was shown that HCT116 and HT29 cell lines differ in their stemness-related properties. We imply that putative CSC subset for HCT116 cell line is CD44+/CD24-/CD133- (4,1% of all cells) and for HT29 cells – CD24+/CD44-/CD133- (4,9% of all cells).
The cancer stem cell theory hypothesizes that tumors or cancers arise from mutations or epigenetic changes in normal stem cells. These mutated or genetically altered stem cells possess the properties of the normal stem cells such as the ability to self-renew, differentiate into any type of body cell, and resist apoptosis. Hence, the cancer stem cells (CSC) are named so. It is also suggested that because of the above-mentioned properties of the cancer stem cells, the current anti-cancer therapies are not entirely successful (Gil et al, 2008). Despite surgery and other therapies, even if very few of these cancer stem cells survive, they can continue to act as a source for more tumors, even though the therapies eliminate all visible signs of cancer.
This is brings up public health concern because HPV was usually widely known to infect mostly women and enforce to cause of cervical cancer. However, a head and neck cancer is also serious disease in worldwide by placing HNC as 5th most common cancer in 2008. Particularly, cohort studied from 1982 up to 2005 from Australia and Sweden showed HPV DNA positive incidence increased from about...
Current cancer therapies are very painful, and involve the destruction of good tissue as well. Stem cells that destroy cancerous tissue can be engineered, and used to kill all cancer cells in a body. By injecting stem cells that destroy only cancer cells, no harm is done to good tissue.
Wang, K., Wu, X., & Huang, J. (2013, February 28). Cancer stem cell theory: therapeutic implications for nanomedicine. Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3589204/
Many studies and research has gone into Tasmanian devil facial tumor disease, focusing on how it originated, how it is spread between the species, why it is so harmful and life threatening to the largest extant marsupials living, and what scientists are doing to stop it. Even though it seems like a simple disease to be taken care of, the overall effects of the disease are much more complex and life threating than they seem. There has been a dramatic loss in genetic diversity throughout the years since the disease originated. This paper will compare McCallum’s (2008), Miller et al.’s (2011), and Murchison’s (2008) research and studies on the comparison of other life threatening transmissible diseases, genetic diversities, origin of the disease, effects and transmission of the disease, and the endangerment of this marsupial.
to the CDC, around 30,000 people in the United States learn they have mouth or throat cancers and about 8,000 of those hard working Americans lose their life. Sadly, only half of the people diagnosed with cancer from this habit do not live longer than five years. The side effects that are most noticeable are usually stained teeth and poor dental health. Small ...
Various types of tobacco have a variety of negative outcomes. Extensive research has been done on inhaled tobacco smoking and has been proven to cause damage to many systemic functions of the body as well as lead to periodontal disease. The general public believes that smokeless tobacco is the safer choice but this may not be the correct assumption. Although there is evidence that smoking is associated with oral cancer, smokeless tobacco studies show this form of tobacco to be more strongly associated with oral cancer.1
A review of his medical record indicates that less than 6 months ago he was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the right tonsil. He is followed by Dr. Abesada (oncologist) for chemotherapy and Dr. Castillo for radiologist oncology. He had completed his radiation treatment and continues to receiving chemotherapy. He is schedule to have a follow up PET scan in 2 months. He suffers from dysphagia which is related to his tonsil cancer. As a result he has a PEG tube and takes 5 can of 2 cal Hn daily via peg. He also suffers form constipation- opiate induced and hearing loss which began when he started his chemo and radiation treatment.
“Since 1990, over 6 million Americans have died of cancer, more than the combined casualties from the Civil war, WWII, and the Vietnam and Korean conflicts combined” (Faguet, p. 5). According to American Cancer Society projections, there were 1,529,560 new cases of cancer in 2010. Cancer is becoming more and more common around the world. New cancers are constantly being discovered. Researchers are finding new ways to detect cancer and treat it so that the fatality rate does not rise. However, there are some cancers that researchers have not yet discovered a cure for. It is very important for Cancer Research to continue so that one day these cancers will no longer be a treat.
Wexner Med. Corp. "Oral Cancer and Tobacco." Oral Cancer and Tobacco. Ohio State University, Aug. 2010. Web. 19 Nov. 2013.
Tobacco is the largest contributor to cancer mortality as it causers nearly one-fifth of all cancer-related deaths. In addition to cancer, tobacco can also lead to deadly infections such as Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), human papilloma virus (HPV), and Heliobacteria Pylon. Of course, tobacco is not the only contributor to cancer as factors such as alcohol usage, occupational exposures, environmental pollutions, bad diets and lack of exercise all play a major role in the cause of cancer amongst individuals around the world. Cutting down on all those bad habits could lead to a long, cancer free life. However, certain cancers can be hereditary. For people who have a long family history of such, biannual doctor visits are highly recommended to keep track of your certain health
Yurchenko, M., L. M. Shlapatska, and S. P. Sidorenko. (13 Aug, 2012) Figure. Digital image. Experimental Oncology. Morion. Web. 16 Apr. 2105. Retrieved from: http://exp-oncology.com.ua/article/3373/the-multilevel-regulation-of-cd95-signaling-outcome
There have been extraordinary progresses in identifying cancer at the cellular level and the question of how cancer cells develop are no longer a secret. Although there are many different types of cancer and almost every tissue can turn into malignancies, the basic processes of how cancer arises are very similar. While normal body cells follow the orderly path of cell cycle and only reproduce when instructed to do so, cancer cells violate the schedule and ignore instructions, it fails to follow the orderly enzymatic reaction which is responsible for the deletion of cells with damaged DNA (Kerr et al. 1994). Cancer cells enter cell cycle repeatedly until it will eventually disrupt the function of tissues and organs that are essential to the organism (Weinberg 1996). Not all types of cancer are fatal, benign cancer is a type of cancer which stays in one location only, in another word it will not m...
One of the major limitations of iPSCs currently is the presence of the viral vectors used to transduce the reprogramming factors. These have been shown in mice to cause tumors to develop due to the reactivation of c-Myc, an oncogene (a gene with the potential to transform a cell into a tumor cell in certain circumstances). iSPCs have been g...