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Background of 2008 financial crisis
Global financial crisis 2007-09
Global financial crisis 2007-09
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1.0 The Global Financial Crisis and Its Impact The recent Global Financial Crisis (GFC) initially began with the collapse of credits and financial markets, which caused by the sub-prime mortgage crisis in the US in 2007. The sub-prime mortgages were given to high-risk lenders (with bad credit history) who were in danger of defaulting, which eventually caused a global credit crunch, where the banks were unwilling to lend to each other. In October 2008, the collapse of the major financial institutions and the crash of stock markets marked the peak of this global economic slowdown (Euromonitor International, 2008). Although the origin of the GFC might have been the housing and financial crisis in the US, it affected both developed and developing countries in a devastating way. More specifically, the crisis has destroyed global financial systems and government budges, strike the confident and security of financial markets. It was universally recognized the worst global economic downturn since the Great Depression in the 1930s (Ciro, 2012). Before the financial crisis, the increasing food and oil prices had affected the non-producers and because of the developed economies are more integrated within the global financial systems and markets, they were the worst affected by the GFC in the short term. Developing countries were looking more optimistic in the short term as their economies were not as integrated into the global financial market system. Nevertheless, the escalated impact of the crisis did affect the real economy of developing countries especially on the export-orientated nations. As the demand of goods and services has been weakening from the developed countries, the output of manufacturing or services companies decreas... ... middle of paper ... ...ennsylvania. Retrieved from http://www.bis.org/review/r090522d.pdf Ashworth, J. (2013). Quantitative Easing by the Major Western Central Banks During the Global Financial Crisis. Retrieved from http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2013_Q000016#header Smaghi, L. (2009, Aprl 28). Conventional And Unconventional Monetary Policy. Speech at the International Centre for Monetary and Banking Studies (ICMB), Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.bis.org/review/r090429e.pdf IMF Staff Position Note. (2009, March 6). The Case for Global Fiscal Stimulus. Retrieved from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/spn/2009/spn0903.pdf Bernanke, B. (2009, January 13). The Crisis and the Policy Response. Speech at the Stamp Lecture, London School of Economic, London, England. Retrieved from http://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/speech/bernanke20090113a.htm
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 is considered by many economists the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. This crisis resulted in the threat of total collapse of large financial institutions, the bailout of banks by national governments, and downturns in stock markets around the world. The crisis led to a series of events including: the 2008–2012 global recessions and the European sovereign-debt crisis. The reasons of this financial crisis are argued by economists. The performance of the Federal Reserve becomes a focal point in this argument.
The idea that former Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke’s ‘Quantitative Easing’ program deserves the credit for healing the wounds inflicted on our nation from the housing collapse of 2008 omits two possibilities: that we actually haven’t recovered, and his policies have actually laid the path for an even greater collapse ahead. The Chairman’s actions hold no precedent, he himself has even admitted to flying blind. The bond and mortgage backed security purchasing program (known as Quantitative Easing’ or just ‘QE’) creating the artificial high by re-inflating asset bubbles was the easy part. To truly follow out the process an exit strategy must be laid to liquidate the nearly ‘$4 trillion dollars’ in toxic assets the Fed now holds without pricking the bubbles that it’s purchasing frenzy created. Federal Reserve quantitative easing must be scaled back as it is re-inflating the housing bubble and recklessly propping up financial markets. The longer we wait, the bigger the eventual explosion will be.
Waggoner, John. "Is Today's Economic Crisis Another Great Depression?" USA Today. N.p., 4 Nov. 2008. Web. 7 Mar. 2014.
It can be argued that the economic hardships of the great recession began when interest rates were lowered by the Federal Reserve. This caused a bubble in the housing market. Housing prices plummeted, home prices plummeted, then thousands of borrowers could no longer afford to pay on their loans (Koba, 2011). The bubble forced banks to give out homes loans with unreasonably high risk rates. The response of the banks caused a decline in the amount of houses purchased and “a crisis involving mortgage loans and the financial securities built on them” (McConnell, 2012 p.479). The effect on the economy was catastrophic and caused a “pandemic” of foreclosures that effected tens of thousands home owners across the U.S. (Scaliger, 2013). The debt burden eventually became unsustainable and the U.S. crisis deepened as the long-term effect on bank loans would affect not only the housing market, but also the job market.
In this paper, I will explore the definition of monetary policy, the objectives of the monetary and the monetary policy bases.
June 13, 2007 is the day that Richard C. Cook claims in his article, “It’s Official: The Crash of the U.S. Economy Has Begun.” In the past couple of years, months, and weeks, the United States economy and stock market showed significant failures and inefficiencies to the world. Perhaps the greatest evidence signaling the recent economic meltdown is the subprime mortgage problems that started a little over a year ago. The burst of the U.S. housing market bubble was caused by a combination of risky lending and borrowing practices and higher interest rates coupled with dropping housing prices, making refinancing more difficult. To deepen the drama, Wall Street’s excessive debt and unsustainable practices became more and more transparent. There was and still is tremendous turmoil amongst the Wall Street mammoths and the drama is certainly no longer entertaining or cheap.
By 2005, the Federal Reserve had recognized that they had expanded the monetary policy which caused a higher inflation. Therefore, they started to tighten policy through its standard procedure, of increasing its targeted interest rate, but as usual, the Fed went too far contradicting the government.
This literature review is designed to cover the recent research paper focus on the topic of the global financial crisis and how it influence Chinese economy.
The "subprime crises" was one of the most significant financial events since the Great Depression and definitely left a mark upon the country as we remain upon a steady path towards recovering fully. The financial crisis of 2008, became a defining moment within the infrastructure of the US financial system and its need for restructuring. One of the main moments that alerted the global economy of our declining state was the bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers on Sunday, September 14, 2008 and after this the economy began spreading as companies and individuals were struggling to find a way around this crisis. (Murphy, 2008) The US banking sector was first hit with a crisis amongst liquidity and declining world stock markets as well. The subprime mortgage crisis was characterized by a decrease within the housing market due to excessive individuals and corporate debt along with risky lending and borrowing practices. Over time, the market apparently began displaying more weaknesses as the global financial system was being affected. With this being said, this brings into question about who is actually to assume blame for this financial fiasco. It is extremely hard to just assign blame to one individual party as there were many different factors at work here. This paper will analyze how the stakeholders created a financial disaster and did nothing to prevent it as the credit rating agencies created an amount of turmoil due to their unethical decisions and costly mistakes.
This paper provides an overview of the crisis, outlines the major causes of the crisis, examine alternative solutions to the problem
Weiss, M.A. (2009) ‘The Global Financial Crisis: The Role of the International Monetary Fund’, CRS Report for Congress.
Despite of its’ strength and financial background the United States of America’s economy witnessed between the period of 2007 to 2010, what is termed by Embrechts (pp 1-33) as the worst economic recession after the great depression of 1930’s. The financial melt down which started in the year 2007 up to date, has been largely attributed to the banking sector of the country and it exposed the 21st century Americans to nearly what was experienced in the 1930’s great depression.
This is possibly because both institutions use a one size fits all approach when aiding countries rather than gaining a deep understanding of each country they are involved in and catering their approach as a result. In this paper I will examine the practices of the IMF and World Bank in developing nations that have led to failure and the effects the policies have had on these countries. The IMF was created at the end of WWII in order to create a framework for global economic cooperation without creating a second Great Depression. Since its creation, it has evolved to tackle a variety of economic issues. The goal of the IMF is to help the governments of member countries “take advantage of the opportunities- and manage the challenges- posed by globalization and economic development more generally.”
The financial crisis of 2008, which has also been referred to as The Great Recession and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008, began with the downfall in the housing market in the United States. Thee were many factors that played into this housing market turn for the worst during this time. Some of these factors included: subprime loans, the housing bubble that peaked in 2005-2006, government policy and regulation, and faulty mortgages. This housing market turn affected more than just the housing market with all the personal and government additions involved. In turn the unemployment rate went down with this event, evictions and foreclosures of houses sky rocketed, faulty and risky loans were also issued that created problems in the banking system. This lead to many businesses failures, and the recession was not expected, so it began to hit the economy and United States hard.
Warwick J. McKibbin, and Andrew Stoeckel. “The Global Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences.” Lowy Institute for International Policy 2.09 (2009): 1. PDF file.