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Gender theory in international relations
Gender theory in international relations
Gender theory in international relations
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Gender and Rescue services in Crisis Management research
Research on crisis often discusses decision making in crisis and have been developed by scholars in political science like Hermann (1963) Allison (1971) George (1980) and Vertzberg (1990). This research has often focused on crisis and decision making in international politics. In Sweden there are research concerning different aspects of crisis, as crisis communication, learning after crisis, relations between public and private. During the 1990’s research about crisis more broadly as a social and technological crisis have developed (´t Hart, Charles and Parker 1989, Rosenthal, Boin and Comfort 2001). In a Swedish context research on crisis management have been developed by Sundelius, Stern och Bynander (1997) och Stern och Sundelius (1997).
In the mainstream crisis management literature analyses on gender and gendered practices are not often addressed. Often, even dominating male structures in crisis management organizations, male leadership positions, and decision making groups are not discussed in relation to gendered practices. In other words how gender is constructed within crisis organizations is not problematized. There are one research field in the crisis management and emergency management literature that do address gender. That is in the international research field of gender and disaster studies. Within gender and disaster studies literature gender is seen as in interaction with for example race and ethnicity and often focus are on a whole societies and complex dimensions and dynamics of the population in who get affected by a disaster and a crisis. Often the main focus is on women and on women’s personal experiences of a crisis.
The research field of gen...
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...e they address the following themes: women’s vulnerability to disasters; the gendered effects on disaster and women’s capacities and resources on responding to disaster. The literature is focused on women. What is called gender is connected to women and women’s experiences and not in the same extent so much men’s experiences and practices. That men constitute and construct gendered practices are not discussed. Elaine Enarson and Betty Morrow ask some questions addressed to the emergency management: “What patterns of bias (gendered, economic, and cultural) can be identified in the practices of responding agencies in the private and public sectors? How are these maintained informally? Under what conditions are they most effectively challenged?” Other questions are how gender is identified by disaster planning and response agencies in the private and public sectors?
Crises are inevitable. But Crises can be dealt with in a number of ways, due to their prevalence. However, books seem to be a popular choice, why? What makes them special and useful in times of crisis? Some of the most well-known books involve a description of a crisis or a character going through the crisis.
Crisis is an event that is unplanned, unwanted, and dangerous and leads to hard decision making. There are many different types of crisis such as economic crisis, mental health crisis, situational crisis, social crisis, adventitious crisis and many more. Every type of crisis affects people more than we think and know. There is always someone who loses and who gains during a crisis. People who lose are usually the ones who are affected the most such as losing a job, losing a family member or someone close to them, losing their homes and sometimes even their own lives. The people who gain are usually the rich people who prey on the poor and usually gain from making money and the poor’s lives miserable.
Echterling, Presbury and McKee (2005) define crisis as a turning point in one’s life that is brief, but a crucial time in which, there is opportunity for dramatic growth and positive changes, as well as the danger of violence and devastation. They further state that whatever the outcome, people do not emerge from a crisis unchanged; if there is a negative resolution, the crisis can leave alienation, bitterness, devastated relationships and even death in its wake; on the other hand, if the crisis is resolved successfully a survivor can develop a deeper appreciation for life, a stronger sense of resolve, a mature perspective, greater feelings of competence, and richer relationships.
The world experiences disasters every day and there has to be someone there to help. That someone could be considered Disaster Medicine EMS or rescue workers who get called out for natural disasters, terrorist attacks, major events, etc.…An excellent example of a terrorist attack would be the Boston Marathon where a major event was held and many people were hurt from a bomb going off . That terrorist attack took more than just rescue workers, paramedics, and other experienced professionals, it took civilians helping each other until professional help arrived. Natural disasters could be consider tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes, blizzards, or any other weather condition that requires outside resources.
Perry, R. W., & Lindell, M. K. (2007). Disaster Response. In W. L. Waugh, & K. Tiernery, Emergency Management: Principles and Practice for Local Government (pp. 162-163). Washington D.C.: International City/County Management Association.
Crisis is a critical moment and an important decision have to be made and if not handled carefully, it may lead to a disaster. The characteristics of crisis is the presence of danger and opportunity, seed of growth and change, complicated symptomology, the necessity of choice, no pancreas or quick fixes, universality and idiosyncrasy, resiliency and perception. Crisis can affect a person’s feelings, behaviours and thoughts negatively to the point where they self-harm, commit suicide or even harming others around them. You might not know when crisis will happen as it can happen anytime. Crisis is a dangerous as Ait can harm an individual thoughts to the extend where they commit suicide. It is difficult to understand the effect of description
The Calgary Flood of 2013 forced over 100 000 people out of their homes, caused the death of three people, and caused six billion dollars in damage. Numerous buildings had no electricity, roads were shut down, and residents were asked to limit their use of water. The Alberta Government states that it will take many years to repair all the damage and have everything to return back to its normal state (CBC News, 2013). Most of the recommendations that were made after the flood in 2005 were never acted on, leaving Calgary ill prepared for the 2013 flood (Paperny, 2013). Emergency management is a framework that emcompasses procedures to effectively deal with natural and human disasters (Stanhope, Lancaster, Jessup-Falcioni, & Viverais-Dresler, 2011). The initiatives in the framework illustrate the four stages of disaster management in Canada: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery. Natural disasters, namely the 2013 Calgary Flood, impact the community as a whole, and incline nurses to apply expertise skills while utilizing all resources available to initiate the disaster management framework of prevention and mitigation, preparation, response, and recovery (Stanhope et al., 2011).
This paper will discuss the dynamics of the American Red Cross case and how it affected the ability to provide adequate emergency response to catastrophic events. Over 10 years, the American Red Cross has been implementing strategies to ensure that the organization is better equipped when dealing with disasters. Not only has the American Red Cross has been faced with so much negativity, the organization is fighting very hard to change the concepts of how the organization can rebound from such criticism.
Howitt, A. M., & Leonard, H. B. (2006). Katrina and the core challenges of disaster response. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 30:1 winter 2006.
A crisis may occur when an individual is unable to deal effectively with stressful changes in the environment. A stressful event alone does not constitute a crisis; rather, crisis is determined by the individual's view of the event and response to it. If the individual sees the event as significant and threatening, has exhausted all his/her usual coping strategies without effect, and is unaware or unable to pursue other alternatives, then the precipitating event may push the individual toward psychological disequilibrium, a state of crisis (Smead, 1988).
It is crucial to understand the risk factors as well as how to handle the victims. Also, it is necessary to look at the susceptibility among the various sections of society as well as the impact of natural disasters. Women are seen as being more susceptible to PTSD as opposed to their male counterparts and this may arise from the exposure to nonsexual assaultive violence. The other aspect that may contribute to post-traumatic stress disorder is natural disasters where direct victims are profoundly affected as compared to those who can be placed at the periphery of the disasters. Individuals who are seen as possessing PTSD signs should be accorded the needed help as well as offered the various treatments such as psychotherapy as well as
The thought of social vulnerability arose most recently within the sermon on natural hazards and disasters. To date no one definition has been agreed upon. Similarly, multiple theories of social vulnerability exist (Weichselgartner 2001). Most work conducted so far focuses on empirical observation and conceptual models. Thus current social vulnerability research is a middle range theory and represents an attempt to understand the social conditions that transform a natural hazard (e.g. flood, earthquake, mass movements etc.) into a social disaster. The idea highlights two main themes:
..., Crisis communication failures: The BP Case Study, International Journal of Advances in Management and Economics, Issue 2, March-April 2013, accessed 28 March 2014,
The communication process is not something that begins when a crisis rears its ugly head rather it is a process that takes place in preparing for a crisis before it happens. While the term crisis represents a blanket term used to describe many situations, each situation is unique, thus presenting different obstacles to overcome. However, with a well-established advanced plan in place an organization places itself in a position to overcome and work around obstacles. The development of a comprehensive crisis management plan is one achieved through effective communication where each member of the crisis management team has an advanced shared understanding of his or her role and responsibility during a time of crisis (du Pr'e, 2005).
The purpose of this paper is to discuss potential disasters that could affect a community and cause mass causalities. Further discussion will include who is responsible for the management preparedness, what barriers must be considered and finally this paper will discuss the health care facilities role in emergency supplies and care of the patient in a disaster situation.