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literature review about the history of dogs
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The dog is a unique beast. Loyal and affectionate, if somewhat bizarrely built, today’s dogs are a far cry from the wild wolves from which they emerged. Whether fluffy, naked, cock-eyed, or bow-legged, each dog is an ample prototype of its kind. The very idea that such a cooperative creature could spring forth from such a ruthless predator is astounding by itself. The fact that the multitude of breeds (340, according to the World Canine Organization (Melina, 2014)) could starburst forth from a single point begs investigation. How, indeed, did it come to be that there are so many different breeds of dog?
Upon approaching the subject in question, one must first ask, “What are dogs?” Evolutionarily speaking, the modern domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is the descendent of an ancestor held in common with the grey wolf (Canis lupus) (Melina, 2014). As their Latin nomenclature suggests, dogs are only a subspecies of wolf. Therefore, no great genetic misalignments exist to prevent successful reproduction between breeds (hence why mutts are possible). This is conversely untrue of wolves--distinct only in species--as well as any members of any two separate geni, families, orders, classes, phylums, or kingdoms. Breeds--merely typecast mutations from the original--alone enjoy this special privilege.
Yet unexplained, however, are the stark physical and behavioral differences between dogs and their ancestor. If dogs are such a slight variation on the grey wolf, then why do they look so diversely alien to it when compared with wolves of entirely different species? One reasonable explanation for this dissonance that springs to mind is that dogs must still be more dissimilar to each other in genes that express physicality and demeanor than ...
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Trut, L. (Photographer). (2014). Piebald coat color [Web Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=813&y=0&no&content=true&page=3&css=print
Trut, L. (Photographer). (2014). Foxes in the domesticated population [Web Photo]. Retrieved from https://www.americanscientist.org/issues/issue.aspx?id=813&y=0&no&content=true&page=3&css=print
Wayne, R. (Producer). (2014). The domestic dog: Man's best friend in the genomic era [Web Graphic]. Retrieved from http://www.k9dna.org/learn-about-dog-genetics/genetics-dog-diversity/canine-population-genetics
Wayne, R. K. Linkage Disequilibrium and Demographic History of Wild and Domestic Canids.Genetics, 1493-1505. Retrieved May 14, 2014, from http://www.k9dna.org/references/journal-article/linkage-disequilibrium-and-demographic-history-wild-and-domestic-canids
National Canine Research Council. Denver's Breed-Specific Legislation: Brutal, Costly, and Ineffective. National Canine Research Council. N.p., 2012. Web. 17 Mar. 2014.
When the word “domestication” is used when talking about dogs, most people have the misconception that humans brought dogs into their homes on purpose, and that is was something they did consciously. However, after reading about Hare’s research it is easy to understand that this
The human archaeological record is a long and undefined story that may be the most complex question researched today. One of the big questions in human history is the disappearance of the Neanderthal people from the archaeological record around 30,000 BP. While for thousands of years Neanderthals and Anatomically modern humans crossed paths and perhaps lived in close relations, we have yet to really understand the degree to which they lived together. My hypothesis is that these two hominids, Neanderthals and Anatomically Modern Humans, interbred exchanging genes after Modern Humans dispersed from Africa and creating like cultures and material remains. The differences between Neanderthal and Modern humans are not only physical but also genetically evolved and this research will determine an estimated amount of admixture between the two groups.
Every year an estimated 4.5 million dog bites occur in the U.S. BSL (Breed Specific Legislation) is a law that suggests that certain breeds are more prone to aggression than others. By banning or restricting the breeds in question, it is believed to help reduce the number of attacks. BSL determines which breeds are dangerous using statistics. These statistics cannot be relied on for two reasons. One, there is no concrete method to determine a dog’s pedigree. Thus, a victim, animal control officer, or owner is trusted with identifying the dog through appearance. According to Scott and Fuller, authors of Genetics and the Social Behavior of the Dog, “It has been known for decades that the cross-bred offspring of purebred dogs of different breeds often bear little or no resemblance to either their sires or dams (1965).” Visual assessments are questionable. Two, population is not accounted for. Population is important, in that it provides context to percentages. Because a dog’s breed is impossible to pinpoint, we cannot provide numbers. BSL’s cause is rendered useless when we consider these points.
Everyone should have heard this phrase that dog is man’s best friend. We live with them, love them, and take good care of them. When people talk about dog breed, the advantages and disadvantages of purebred dogs is always a controversial issue. Lots of people like purebred dogs because they are beautiful and cute; some people prefer crossbred dogs because they believe purebred dogs usually have genetic disease. Indeed, many evidence and research show that purebred dogs are easier to have genetic disease, and many purebred dogs die from incurable genetic disease every year. However, people still do not pay highly attendant to this problem. Even though purebred dogs are pretty, cute and inherited pure blood compared with the mixed-breed dogs, people should not excessively breed purebred dogs in order to satisfy our desire because a lot of them suffer serious genetic disease, are abandoned on the streets and performed euthanasia in shelters.
Khuly, Patty, Dr. "This Veterinarian's Take on America's Purebred Lust Problem."Vetstreet. Vet Street, 19 June 2012. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
Throughout the world there are many different countries that contain diverse cultures, religions, and life styles. There is however certain aspects within these countries and cultures that acts as a common ground between one another. One dominant aspect is the existence of dogs within these cultures. Dogs are common throughout the world, either as a domestic pet, a protector on a farm, or an assistant for hunting; amongst others. Regardless of the reason for having a dog most people have either owned one for themselves or has known somebody who has owned one at some point in their life. Despite the relative normality of having a dog in your life in one way or another, the reasons for dogs coming into existence is not common knowledge among most people. Throughout a great portion of mankind’s history dogs have been an essential part of life. The truth is dogs were actually created in part by man. It was evolution from wolves in the form of natural and artificial selection that brought dogs into existence (Harris 3). This is the most modern and widely excepted theory at this time, however this was not always the case considering the theory of evolution in of itself is relatively new in our society. After evolution as a theory was accepted there were several other variations on the theory such as, the evolution being from jackals opposed to wolves, and artificial selection being the only form of evolution to have taken place. According to Jarret A Lobell and Eric A Powell of Archaeology magazine “The idea that dogs were domesticated from jackals was long ago discarded in favor of the notion that dogs descend from the gray wolf (2)”. As for the theory that artificial selection ...
The video “Dogs and More Dogs” presents one of the most perplexing questions in evolutionary biology: how did the diversity of dogs evolve from a relatively homogeneous population of wolves. Anthropological data suggests that dogs came into existence some fifteen thousand years ago. In terms of the history of earth and the majority of the organisms that inhibit it, dogs are still very young. It is thus very remarkable that one species (wolves), which must have looked somewhat alike, could have given rise to the huge differences we see between the Chihuahua and the Golden Retriever.
There are so many varieties of dog breeds to choose from. All breeds have their own special traits, but there is one in particular that sticks out; the Chinese Crested. The Chinese Crested has caused a greater division of opinion than any other breed. Few are indifferent to it, but it is usually either loved or hated. (Fogle, 1995, p.539) The Crested has often been dismissed as inadequate due to its physical appearance, but over the years has managed to survive and grow in popularity.
The American Pit Bull is considered as a genuine breed because there are various breeds of pit bull that could have been mixed with other dogs. Pit bulls were raised for baiting larger animals during the hunting seasons. With the faithfulness of t...
The transition to the diet of the original dog as a result of beginning the relationship with humans could be attributed to the changes identified between the modern dog and original dog (wolf). The canids remain recovered in yet cave, in Belgium where Upper Paleolithic artifacts were discovered along with other object are considered to be domesticated dogs. The domestication of dog could have been driven by human need for help with herding, hunting, and early warning while the dog benefited from companionship and reliable source of food
...and weight of the male Labrador Retrievers range from (40 to 45 kg) female Labrador Retrievers range (36 kg to 40 kg), and a long coat, science helps us to attain this goal by selective breeding program which may include 20 to 25 generations to get these domesticated specific breeds. . Science also helps us to achieve the task by continuously consulting with paleontologists to research the skeletal structure of dogs and compare the existing bone and body structure to previous breeds. In this regard, Associations have established strict rules and regulations for breeding as well as created a way to unify all breeders in a wide-ranging system in order to promote healthfulness and reward breeders who consistently produce specifically heavier, taller and with longer life span puppies for this purpose by adopting crossbred lines and standardized breeding practice
Around 10 thousand years ago the domestication of dog started. The main assumption is that we needed a dog to hunt, but more than likely wolf's approached us as a superior hunter to get our scraps stated by Brian Hare(1). Dogs have slowly moved their way to being man's best friend. We began using them for medical research. Us and dogs share a lot of homologs about 82% according to Xu Beixi(2). Dogs started by taking the tamest one and breeding that with more tame. We want submissive dogs They still carry traits from younger or juvenile wolves like barking, winning, and submissive rolling said by Jill Adams(3). The big thing to remember with dog genetics is that all dogs are the same with different paint jobs. People breed dogs for behaviors and appearances. The behaviors we
Purebred dogs aren’t even a natural thing; they’re just something that humans made up. Wild dogs had diverse genes, and there was no such thing as dog breeds. This is just another one of those cases where humans messing with nature.
People have started to make remarks of the resemblance between dogs and their owners, and from what we have found, it is usually noticed at dog shows and from strangers passing by in the streets. There are two factors that could make the owner and the dog similar. One would be people selecting dogs that are like them, and people who select dogs which features start to change and become similar to them over time. As a comparison to animals and their dogs, there is evidence that couples look physically similar after 25 years rather than people who have recently been wed. In the research we have conducted, we have found that purebred dogs have a greater resemblance than people who own non purebred dogs.