Excretory urography is a time-lapsed interval radiographic study of injectable contrast medium circulating through the venous blood stream, renal arteries, veins, and tissues until it is filtered out and collected within the kidneys (Lavin, 240). It allows for the kidneys to be measured and evaluated, and it provides morphologic information regarding the renal pelvis and ureters (Vaden, 270). Additionally, intravenous urography is the only procedure which provides primary information on both ureteral morphology and function (Vaden, 270). Yet it should be noted that while the urogram is a helpful tool for qualitative assessment of renal function, it does not provide quantitative diagnostic confirmation and should not substitute other renal function tests (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556). It is useful for detecting renal mass lesions such as neoplasia, renal cysts, renal and ureteral traumatic lesions, as well as pyelonephritis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal agenesis, hypoplasia, pelvic and ureteral obstructions caused by uroliths and blood clots, renal parasites, ectopic ureter, and duplication of the collection system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 562).
There are two phases of a urogram: the nephrogram and the pyelogram (Lavin, 240). The first phase of the urogram, the nephrogram, is characterized in radiographs by the opacification of renal tissues (Lavin, 240). Conducted immediately after the injection of the contrast medium as it begins to distribute throughout the renal vasculature, this study helps to evaluate vascular and renal perfusion, demonstrating the viability and health of renal tissues (Lavin, 240). A nephrogram of healthy renal vasculature should become mostly radiopaque within 10-30 seconds of the injection and perfusion should...
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...of the renal system (Kirk, 527, Thrall, 556).
Works Cited
Kirk, Robert W., BS, DVM, Stephen I. Bistner, BS, DVM, and Richard B. Ford, DVM, MS. "Excretory Urography." Handbook of Veterinary Procedures & Emergency Teatment. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1990. 527. Print.
Lavin, Lisa M., MBA, CVT. "Chapter 18: Special Procedures." Radiography in Veterinary Technology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier, 2007. 240-243. Print.
Thrall, Donald E., DVM, PhD. "Chapter 42: The Kidneys and Ureters." Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology. 4th ed. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier, 2002. 556-62. Print.
Vaden, Shelly L., Joyce S. Knoll, Francis W.K. Smith, and Larry P. Tilley. "Excretory Urography." Blackwell's Five-minute Veterinary Consult: Diagnostic Procedures and Laboratory Tests: Canine and Feline. 1st ed. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. 270-72. Print.
The kidneys are located in the posterior section of the retroperitoneal cavity and are small, dark red kidney-bean shaped organs in the lower part of the rib cage (Marieb, The Urinary System, 2015). They are undervalued organs considering how essential they are for the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis. The kidneys filter about 120-150 quarts of blood to produce about 1-2 quarts of urine each day (NIH, 2014). Blood initially enters the kidneys through the renal artery. It then flows into the segmental artery before moving into the interlobar artery. From the interlobar artery the filtrate enters the arcuate artery before branching into the cortical radiate artery, which feeds into the afferent arteriole, before passing into the glomerulus where it begins to filter out waste. The filtered waste is then collected by renal tubule. The tubules drain to collecting ducts and all of these components together makes up a small unit called a nephron. Each kidney has over a million nephrons (Marieb, Blood Supply/ Nephrons, 2015). They filter out wastes that run through different body systems via blood; the majority of that waste is nitrogenous wastes, toxins, excess fluids, electrolytes, and drugs. These waste products are eliminated as urine. While waste are removed vital enzymes, hormones, and water are returned
Many people never find out that they have had stones in their kidneys. Some stones are small enough to flow through the kidney without ever causing any pain. These are called "silent stones"(Ford-Martin & Odle, 2005) Kidney stones cause problems when they get in the way of the normal flow of urine. They can block the flow through the ureter that carries urine from the kidney to the bladder. “The kidney is not accustomed to experiencing any pressure. When pressure builds from backed-up urine, it causes hydronephrosis” (Ford-Martin & Odle, 2005). If the kidney is subjected to this pressure for a while, there may be damage to the fragile kidney structures. When the kidney stone is lodged further down the ureter, the backed-up urine may also cause the ureter to swell. Because the ureter is a musc...
Urine output is a time-honored measure of the patient’s effective blood volume (EBV) and a surrogate for tissue perfusion. Urine output is typically measured at one-hour intervals and expressed in milliliters per hour (ml/h). Because small volumes are difficult to measure, initial information becomes available only 20-30 minutes after catheter insertion by extrapolating to one full hour. This extrapolation can result in considerable over- or underestimation.
This can be investigated by a range of procedures. These include a CT scan of the kidneys and bladder in conjunction with an abdominal X-ray. Results obtained from the diagnosis and tests enable judgments’ relating to the stage to which the problem has developed and will inform decisions on the appropriate treatment
The topic that I chose is interventions used to reduce catheter associated urinary tract infections(CAUTI). This type of infection is acquired from the use of urinary catheter while in the hospital. According to the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, urinary tract infections are responsible for 40 percent of all hospital-acquired infections annually, with 80% of these hospital acquired infection caused by use of indwelling urinary catheters. When any type of tubes or catheters are introduced in the body it serves as a medium for infection. Urinary catheters are used during surgery to prevent injury to the bladder. It is also used for urinary retention or bladder obstruction. The implementation of evidenced based practice when providing care
Hendrix, C. M., & Sirois, M. (2007). Laboratory procedures for veterinary technicians. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby Elsevier.
Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra are the four main organs that make up the Urinary System. The Kidneys filter blood and produce urine. The Ureters function is to transfer urine to the urinary bladder from the kidneys. The Urinary Bladder is responsible for gathering and hold urine until it has to be excreted out the body.The Urethra is responsible for transporting and excreting urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the
Tremayne, J. (2011, August 18). Veterinary Ultrasound: A Go-to Diagnostic Tool. Veterinary Ultrasound: A Go-to Diagnostic Tool. Retrieved March 29, 2014, from http://www.veterinarypracticenews.com/vet-dept/small-animal-dept/ultrasound-a-go-to-diagnostic-tool.aspx
Pathophysiology There are three different stages of acute renal failure; prerenal, intrarenal, and post renal. Prerenal failure is a result from an illness or injury that causes obstruction of blood flow to the kidneys, called hypoperfusion. Hypotension, hypervolemia and inadequate cardiac output are all examples that could cause prerenal failure. According to Lippincott Williams and Wilkins (2009), “prerenal azotemia, excess nitrogenous waste products in the blood, account for 40% to 80% of all cases of acute renal failure” (p. 307). Intrarenal is when there is direct damage to the kidney tissue by either inflammations, drugs, infections or a reduction in the blood supply to the kidney. Post renal is when there is an obstruction of the urine flow. Causes of obstruction could be enlarged prostate gland, kidney stones, bladder tumor or injury. There are four phases of acute renal failure; onset, oliguria, diuresis and recovery. The onset phase can last hours or up to days. The BUN and creatinine levels may start to increas...
The kidneys are bean shaped organs. They are a brownish-purplish sort of color. The outside of the kidneys are very tough, but smooth. This is described as a fibrous tunic. The outer part has millions of nephrons which are the basic unit of the kidney. The kidney is divided into two layers. The outer cortex and the medulla. When the outer cortex is stripped off you then get the medulla. The inside you have a thick mesh of muscular fibers. This is also smooth, and very even. It is very red in color, unlike the outside which is of brownish-purplish coloring. It is more red in color because it has tiny blood vessels. The kidneys are located in the posterior part of the abdomen, on both sides of the vertebral column. An easier way to say that would be right below the ribs towards the middle of your back. The right kidney is usually lower in location than the left kidney because of where the liver is. Each kidney is about 11cm long, 6cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick. The kidneys remove urea from the blood through a blood filtering unit called a nephron. There are more than 2 million nephrons in each kidney. The nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of your body. That mechanism maintains your water-salt balance, and it also regulates the amount of urea in your body. The blood enters the kidney through the bowmans capsule under pressure. This just surrounds the tuft of capillaries which is the glomerulus. The liquid just flows through the glomerulus under pressure. The pressure pushes the liquid out and keeps in the larger cells. This is filtration, because the glomerulus is taking the nutrients in and getting rid of the waste. After the filtering ...
United States Renal Data System (USRDS). (2008). Annual data report: Incidence and prevalence. Retrieved July 8, 2009, from http://www.usrds.org/2008/pdf/V2-02-2008.pdf
Urinary Tract Infection, also known as UTI, occurs in two common locations, the bladder and kidneys. The kidneys are important organs that aid in filtering out waste products from blood and maintaining water distribution throughout the body. The waste products are filtered out via bladder, which is the reason of the bladder being the second site for the infection. A normal human being has two kidneys, one on left and right side, a bean shaped organ, and is located at the back of the abdomen. “Each kidney is about 11.5 cm long, 5-7.5 cm broad, 5 cm thick, and weight about 150 grams” (HealthInfoNet, Paragraph 2). Furthermore, a bacterium named Escherichia coli lives in both the kidneys and the GI tract. E. coli is part of the human body and produces
"Imaging and radiology." Magill's Medical Guide, 4th Rev. ed.. 2008. eLibrary. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.
Genitourinary system: He doesn’t have pain during urinating and no increase of passing urine and he doesn’t need to get up in the middle of the night to pass urine. There is no blood in the urine.
From the results of the numerous tests carried out according to the patient history of frothy urine with a significant oedema over a maximum period of 5 days, the patient was diagnosed with Nephrotic Syndrome. This is condition that occurs due to leakage in the kidney filtration part leading to a large amount of protein leaking from the blood into the urine. This is mainly due to fluid retention known as oedema which is as a result of low protein level in the blood. It occurs due to abnormal functioning or a part of the kidney is affected (glomeruli). This syndrome can be caused by numerous diseases coming together to cause or form one particular disease; these causes range from minimal change disease, membranous nephropathy, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and other conditions, disorders of the glomeruli. The membranous nephropathy also known as the membranous nephritis or membranous glomerulonephritis, only causes diseases in adults and very uncommon in children. Leakage occurs from this due to the thickening of the membranous in the glomeruli which is the filter of the glomeruli. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis is a causative due to the formation of small scars (sclerosis) on some of the kidney glomeruli. Another form of cause of nephrotic is minimal change which is due to lack of virtual change detected in the glomeruli when examined under the microscope. This causes the syndrome in 9 out of a total of 10 children under the age of 5 years.